M L R Wyld1,2, C M Y Lee3, X Zhuo4, S White1,2, J E Shaw5, R L Morton1,6, S Colagiuri3, S J Chadban1,2. 1. Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 2. Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 3. The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 4. Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 5. Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. 6. Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Costs associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not well documented. Understanding such costs is important to inform economic evaluations of prevention strategies and treatment options. AIM: To estimate the costs associated with CKD in Australia. METHODS: We used data from the 2004/2005 AusDiab study, a national longitudinal population-based study of non-institutionalised Australian adults aged ≥25 years. We included 6138 participants with CKD, diabetes and healthcare cost data. The annual age and sex-adjusted costs per person were estimated using a generalised linear model. Costs were inflated from 2005 to 2012 Australian dollars using best practice methods. RESULTS: Among 6138 study participants, there was a significant difference in the per-person annual direct healthcare costs by CKD status, increasing from $1829 (95% confidence interval (CI): $1740-1943) for those without CKD to $14 545 (95% CI: $5680-44 842) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD (P < 0.01). Similarly, there was a significant difference in the per-person annual direct non-healthcare costs by CKD status from $524 (95% CI: $413-641) for those without CKD to $2349 (95% CI: $386-5156) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD (P < 0.01). Diabetes is a common cause of CKD and is associated with increased health costs. Costs per person were higher for those with diabetes than those without diabetes in all CKD groups; however, this was significant only for those without CKD and those with early stage (stage 1 or 2) CKD. CONCLUSION: Individuals with CKD incur 85% higher healthcare costs and 50% higher government subsidies than individuals without CKD, and costs increase by CKD stage. Primary and secondary prevention strategies may reduce costs and warrant further consideration.
BACKGROUND: Costs associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not well documented. Understanding such costs is important to inform economic evaluations of prevention strategies and treatment options. AIM: To estimate the costs associated with CKD in Australia. METHODS: We used data from the 2004/2005 AusDiab study, a national longitudinal population-based study of non-institutionalised Australian adults aged ≥25 years. We included 6138 participants with CKD, diabetes and healthcare cost data. The annual age and sex-adjusted costs per person were estimated using a generalised linear model. Costs were inflated from 2005 to 2012 Australian dollars using best practice methods. RESULTS: Among 6138 study participants, there was a significant difference in the per-person annual direct healthcare costs by CKD status, increasing from $1829 (95% confidence interval (CI): $1740-1943) for those without CKD to $14 545 (95% CI: $5680-44 842) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD (P < 0.01). Similarly, there was a significant difference in the per-person annual direct non-healthcare costs by CKD status from $524 (95% CI: $413-641) for those without CKD to $2349 (95% CI: $386-5156) for those with stage 4 or 5 CKD (P < 0.01). Diabetes is a common cause of CKD and is associated with increased health costs. Costs per person were higher for those with diabetes than those without diabetes in all CKD groups; however, this was significant only for those without CKD and those with early stage (stage 1 or 2) CKD. CONCLUSION: Individuals with CKD incur 85% higher healthcare costs and 50% higher government subsidies than individuals without CKD, and costs increase by CKD stage. Primary and secondary prevention strategies may reduce costs and warrant further consideration.
Authors: Marc Evans; Angharad R Morgan; Martin B Whyte; Wasim Hanif; Stephen C Bain; Philip A Kalra; Sarah Davies; Umesh Dashora; Zaheer Yousef; Dipesh C Patel; W David Strain Journal: Drugs Date: 2021-12-21 Impact factor: 9.546
Authors: Jonas K Eriksson; Martin Neovius; Stefan H Jacobson; Carl-Gustaf Elinder; Britta Hylander Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2016-10-07 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Dominik Steubl; Matthias Block; Victor Herbst; Wolfgang Andreas Nockher; Wolfgang Schlumberger; Stephan Kemmner; Quirin Bachmann; Susanne Angermann; Ming Wen; Uwe Heemann; Lutz Renders; Pranav S Garimella; Jürgen Scherberich Journal: Medicine (Baltimore) Date: 2019-05 Impact factor: 1.817
Authors: Feby Savira; Zanfina Ademi; Bing H Wang; Andrew R Kompa; Alice J Owen; Danny Liew; Ella Zomer Journal: J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2021-03-09 Impact factor: 10.121
Authors: Braden Manns; Brenda Hemmelgarn; Marcello Tonelli; Flora Au; Helen So; Rob Weaver; Amity E Quinn; Scott Klarenbach Journal: Can J Kidney Health Dis Date: 2019-04-04