The C-terminal end of the capsid protein of Avian Nephritis Virus is antigenic and induces broadly cross-reactive antibodies.

Avian nephritis virus (ANV) has been isolated frequently from commercial broilers in many countries. The prevalence and economic impact of ANV however has been difficult to ascertain due to the lack of convenient serological techniques. In this study the full-length and fragments of the ANV capsid protein were expressed in Baculovirus and affinity purified recombinant proteins used for the detection of ANV antibodies in ELISA. The crystal structure of Human Astrovirus (HAstV) was used as a model to determine potential homologous C-terminal antigenic regions in ANV. The rp37 fragment from three ANV strains NSW_3, ANV-1 and ANV-2, and a shorter NSW_3 fragment (rp33) were compared for their ability to detect ANV antibodies in seven reference chicken sera. The ANV-1 rp37 antigen was the most strain specific whereas the NSW_3 rp37 and rp33 antigens detected antibodies in all heterologous sera, including ANV-1 serum. Irrespective of the strain used, the two NSW_3 protein fragments rp37 and rp33 were found to be superior as antigens for ELISA when compared to the full-length capsid protein rp75. An ELISA designed using the NSW_3 rp33 could reliably differentiate between uninfected and infected commercial broiler flocks, as demonstrated by statistically significant differences between the OD values. This study identified an ANV immunogenic region and successfully used recombinant protein expression of this region to detect cross-reactive ANV antibodies. The results of this study facilitate future studies into the epidemiology and importance of ANV infections in commercial poultry.