PURPOSE: Navigated intracranial endoscopy with conventional technique usually requires sharp head fixation. In children, especially in those younger than 1 year of age and in older children with thin skulls due to chronic hydrocephalus, sharp head fixation is not possible. Here, we studied the feasibility, safety, and accuracy of electromagnetic (EM)-navigated endoscopy in a series of children, obviating the need of sharp head fixation. METHODS: Seventeen children (ten boys, seven girls) between 12 days and 16.8 years (mean age 4.3 years; median 14 months) underwent EM-navigated intracranial endoscopic surgery based on 3D MR imaging of the head. Inclusion criteria for the study were intraventricular cysts, arachnoid cysts, aqueduct stenosis for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) with distorted ventricular anatomy, the need of biopsy in intraventricular tumors, and multiloculated hydrocephalus. A total of 22 endoscopic procedures were performed. Patients were registered for navigation by surface rendering in the supine position. After confirming accuracy, they were repositioned for endoscopic surgery with the head fixed slightly on a horseshoe headholder. EM navigation was performed using a flexible stylet introduced into the working channel of a rigid endoscope. Neuronavigation accuracy was checked for deviations measured in millimeters on screenshots after the referencing procedure and during surgery in the coronal (z = vertical), axial (x = mediolateral), and sagittal (y = anteroposterior) planes. RESULTS: EM-navigated endoscopy was feasible and safe. In all 17 patients, the aim of endoscopic surgery was achieved, except in one case in which a hemorrhage occurred, blurring visibility, and we proceeded with open surgery without complications for the patient. Navigation accuracy for extracranial markers such as the tragus, bregma, and nasion ranged between 1 and 2.5 mm. Accuracy for fixed anatomical structures like the optic nerve or the carotid artery varied between 2 and 4 mm, while there was a broader variance of accuracy at the target point of the cyst itself ranging between 2 and 9 mm. CONCLUSIONS: EM-navigated endoscopy in children is a safe and useful technique enhancing endoscopic intracranial surgery and obviating the need of sharp head fixation. It is a good alternative to the common opto-electric navigation system in this age group.
PURPOSE: Navigated intracranial endoscopy with conventional technique usually requires sharp head fixation. In children, especially in those younger than 1 year of age and in older children with thin skulls due to chronic hydrocephalus, sharp head fixation is not possible. Here, we studied the feasibility, safety, and accuracy of electromagnetic (EM)-navigated endoscopy in a series of children, obviating the need of sharp head fixation. METHODS: Seventeen children (ten boys, seven girls) between 12 days and 16.8 years (mean age 4.3 years; median 14 months) underwent EM-navigated intracranial endoscopic surgery based on 3D MR imaging of the head. Inclusion criteria for the study were intraventricular cysts, arachnoid cysts, aqueduct stenosis for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) with distorted ventricular anatomy, the need of biopsy in intraventricular tumors, and multiloculated hydrocephalus. A total of 22 endoscopic procedures were performed. Patients were registered for navigation by surface rendering in the supine position. After confirming accuracy, they were repositioned for endoscopic surgery with the head fixed slightly on a horseshoe headholder. EM navigation was performed using a flexible stylet introduced into the working channel of a rigid endoscope. Neuronavigation accuracy was checked for deviations measured in millimeters on screenshots after the referencing procedure and during surgery in the coronal (z = vertical), axial (x = mediolateral), and sagittal (y = anteroposterior) planes. RESULTS: EM-navigated endoscopy was feasible and safe. In all 17 patients, the aim of endoscopic surgery was achieved, except in one case in which a hemorrhage occurred, blurring visibility, and we proceeded with open surgery without complications for the patient. Navigation accuracy for extracranial markers such as the tragus, bregma, and nasion ranged between 1 and 2.5 mm. Accuracy for fixed anatomical structures like the optic nerve or the carotid artery varied between 2 and 4 mm, while there was a broader variance of accuracy at the target point of the cyst itself ranging between 2 and 9 mm. CONCLUSIONS: EM-navigated endoscopy in children is a safe and useful technique enhancing endoscopic intracranial surgery and obviating the need of sharp head fixation. It is a good alternative to the common opto-electric navigation system in this age group.
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