G Vezzoli1, E Dogliotti2, A Terranegra3, T Arcidiacono4, L Macrina4, M Tavecchia2, F Pivari2, A Mingione5, C Brasacchio2, A Nouvenne6, T Meschi6, D Cusi2, D Spotti4, E Montanari7, L Soldati2. 1. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Postgraduate School of Nephrology, Vita Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: vezzoli.giuseppe@hsr.it. 2. Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy. 3. Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar. 4. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Postgraduate School of Nephrology, Vita Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy. 5. Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Postgraduate School of Nephrology, Vita Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy. 6. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. 7. Urology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Animal protein intake may cause an acid load that predisposes individuals to stones by influencing calcium and citrate excretion. These associations were not confirmed in recent studies. Therefore the present study was aimed to compare acid load of diet in stone formers and controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants to the study were 157 consecutive calcium stone formers and 144 controls. Diet was analyzed in these subjects using a software that evaluated nutrient intake from a three-day food intake diary. This software also estimated the potential renal acid load (PRAL, mEq/day). Twenty-four-hour urine excretion of ions and citrate was measured in stone formers. Stone former diet had lower intake of glucose, fructose, potassium and fiber and higher PRAL in comparison with controls. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that stone risk decreased in association with the middle and the highest tertiles of fiber intake and increased in association with the highest tertile of PRAL. The linear multiple regression analysis showed that calcium excretion was associated with the sodium excretion and that citrate excretion was associated with the PRAL and animal protein intake in stone formers. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that stone formers may undergo a greater dietary acid load sustained by a low vegetable intake and base provision. Dietary acid load does not appear as the main determinant of calcium excretion, but may promote stone risk by decreasing citrate excretion. Sodium intake may predispose to stones by stimulating calcium excretion.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Animal protein intake may cause an acid load that predisposes individuals to stones by influencing calcium and citrate excretion. These associations were not confirmed in recent studies. Therefore the present study was aimed to compare acid load of diet in stone formers and controls. METHODS AND RESULTS:Participants to the study were 157 consecutive calcium stone formers and 144 controls. Diet was analyzed in these subjects using a software that evaluated nutrient intake from a three-day food intake diary. This software also estimated the potential renal acid load (PRAL, mEq/day). Twenty-four-hour urine excretion of ions and citrate was measured in stone formers. Stone former diet had lower intake of glucose, fructose, potassium and fiber and higher PRAL in comparison with controls. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that stone risk decreased in association with the middle and the highest tertiles of fiber intake and increased in association with the highest tertile of PRAL. The linear multiple regression analysis showed that calcium excretion was associated with the sodium excretion and that citrate excretion was associated with the PRAL and animal protein intake in stone formers. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that stone formers may undergo a greater dietary acid load sustained by a low vegetable intake and base provision. Dietary acid load does not appear as the main determinant of calcium excretion, but may promote stone risk by decreasing citrate excretion. Sodium intake may predispose to stones by stimulating calcium excretion.
Authors: Nancy S Krieger; Marc Grynpas; Amy VandenEynde; John R Asplin; Kevin K Frick; Min Ho Kim; Felix M Ramos; Ignacio Granja; David A Bushinsky Journal: Nephron Date: 2019-02-06 Impact factor: 2.847