An annotated catalogue of the types of Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, with brief historical notes.

A critical and annotated catalogue of 72 types of Chrysididae (Hymenoptera) belonging to 53 species and subspecies housed in the Swedish Museum of Natural History is given. The lectotypes of Chrysisdiversa Dahlbom, 1845, Chrysissoror Dahlbom, 1854, Chrysurasulcata Dahlbom, 1845 and Holopygaamoenula Dahlbom, 1845 are designated. The previous lectotype of Chrysisdiversa Dahlbom, 1845 is set aside. Five new synonymies are proposed: Chrysiselegansvar.smaragdula Trautmann, 1926 (currently Chrysiselegansssp.interrogata Linsenmaier, 1959 repl. name for smaragdula Trautmann, nec Fabricius, 1775), syn. n. of Chrysisconfluens (Dahlbom, 1845); Chrysiseximia Mocsáry, 1889, syn. n. of Chrysispoecila Mocsáry, 1889; Chrysispyrrhina Dahlbom, 1845, syn. n. of Chrysiserythromelas Dahlbom, 1845; Chrysisseparata Trautmann, 1926, syn. n. of Chrysislateralis Dahlbom, 1845; Chrysissicula Abeille de Perrin, 1877, syn. n. of Chrysiserythromelas Dahlbom, 1845. Chrysisserena Radoszkowski, 1891 is the first available name for Chrysispyrrhinasensuauctorum. Chrysiserythromelas Dahlbom, 1845 is revaluated as valid species. The neotype of Chrysisinaequalis Dahlbom, 1845 is designated in the Linsenmaier collection (NMLS). Illustrations of 34 types are given.

Introduction

The collection in the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NHRS) is an important historical collection in Europe that includes several types described by Dahlbom and other authors. It is divided in three parts: the general collection, the Swedish collection and the type collection. A few specimens (294 specimens) of can be found in separate historical collections (Boheman’s collection).

The general collection consists of 15 drawers that were reorganized by the first author in 2012 in taxonomical and alphabetical order sensu Kimsey and Bohart (1991) and it includes about 1700 specimens. The Swedish collection consists of 19 drawers and 1762 specimens belonging to about 50 taxa. All the type specimens were labelled with red type labels and transferred to the type collection, which currently includes 72 types belonging to 53 species and subspecies: 30 holotypes, 20 paratypes, 7 syntypes, 6 lectotypes and 9 paralectotypes. Unfortunately, the original identification labels by Dahlbom are lost, probably removed after a subsequent reorganization of the collection in the nineteenth century. For this reason we encountered some difficulties in identifying some original types (e.g. and ).

Dahlbom (1845) did not list all the examined specimens, but he used different Latin words related to the frequency at which he encountered the examined species: vulgatissima (very common), vulgar (common), freq. (= frequentes, frequent), pl. min. freq. (plus or minus frequentes, more or less frequent), pass. (= passim, literally ‘here and there’), rar. (= rarus, used when he examined few specimens) and rariss. (= rarissima, when he examined only one specimen). These characterisations were taken into consideration when studying the type material. At that time, the Code of Zoological Nomenclature was not yet published, and Dahlbom (1845, 1854) did not follow the “Principle of Priority”. In some cases, he changed the priority of species previously described. These changes led to confusion among the following authors, as shown in the remarks (e.g. , , ). In other cases he changed the original description, after the examination of further material (e.g. ).

The present paper is mainly focused on the type material described by Dahlbom, but also includes other Chrysidid types described by authors after Dahlbom and housed at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (NHRS). Cameron (1910) and Hammer (1950) described some species and dedicated two new species to Yngve Sjöstedt, the professor and curator of the entomology department of the NHRS: PageBreak Cameron and Hammer. Some paratypes were donated by Linsenmaier (1959a), who was in contact and exchanged several specimens with Stellan Erlandsson and the Gaunitz family. In the 1960s the museum loaned some exotic specimens to the Swiss entomologist Walter Linsenmaier, who described a new species ( Linsenmaier, 1968). A great part of that loan remained unidentified and was sent back to the Museum after Linsenmaier’s death. The Finnish entomologist Erikki Valkeila (1971) deposited the holotype of and the paratype of here. Valkeila was very active and identified many specimens in the NHRS collection. In the 1980s Bohart borrowed some African types, and kindly deposited some paratypes of Nearctic species. It is unclear how two types by Balthasar (1957) arrived in the collection.

Anders Gustaf Dahlbom was born in Herrberga parish in Östergötland County on March 3, 1806. From his father, the surgeon Anders Dahlbom, he inherited a strong interest in insects (Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 2013). He matriculated at Lund University in 1825, studied natural history, medicine and pharmacology and completed his master’s degree (Dahlbom 1829), with a thesis on (Monographia Chrysidum Sveciæ). He became a docent of natural history in 1830 in Lund and from 1843 lecturer in entomology as well as curator of the entomological collections at the Museum of Zoology at Lund University. In 1857, two years before he died, Dahlbom was appointed professor (Dal 1996). Dahlbom was a pioneer in applied entomology and wrote a handbook for farmers and naturalists about common benefits and potential problems with the Scandinavian insects that can be found in and around a house or farm (Dahlbom 1838). However, most of his works are on systematic entomology and are characterized by careful descriptions and sharp-eyed observations (Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 2013). He took part in several entomological research journeys with his teacher Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt in northern Sweden and abroad.

Dahlbom had the opportunity to visit some of the museums that were the most important in Europe at that time: Berlin (MNHU), Copenhagen (ZMUC), London (BMNH), Paris (MNHN), and his types are currently found in Berlin (MNHU), Copenhagen (ZMUC), Lund (MZLU), Stockholm (NHRS), Turin (MRSN) and Vienna (MHNW). He published his observations and studies on in four publications: Exercitationes Hymenopterologicae, Monographia Chrysididum Sveciae (Dahlbom 1831), Dispositio Methodica Specierum Hymenopterorum. Particula II – (Dahlbom 1845), Syd-Africanska Chrysides (Dahlbom 1850), (Dahlbom 1854). The latter is considered a landmark in the study of . For the first time he provided keys to genera and species and an attempt to organize all the known information on Chrysidids at that time. In total he described 213 new species (Dahlbom 1854) of which more than 150 are still valid (Kimsey and Bohart 1991), and his descriptions were used as models for that time. Dahlbom examined Fabricius’ types deposited at Kiel (ZMUC) and in Vienna (MHNW), Klug’s types in Berlin (MNHU) and Spinola’s types from his private collection (MRSN, Rosa and Xu 2015). Dahlbom passed away on May 3, 1859, in Lund. Most of his large collection, his library, a rich archive of correspondence with international and national researchers, and a catalogue of the collections and their history were donated to the entomological collections in Lund (MZLU) (Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon 2013).

Material and methods

Terminology and classification of the genera follows Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Classification of species follows Fauna Europaea (Rosa and Soon 2012), PageBreakLinsenmaier (1959, 1968, 1987, 1997a, 1997b, 1999), Rosa (2006), Van der Smissen (2010) and Móczár (1998a, b), for the genus . These works have been taken in consideration also for the reorganization of the general collection. The 4th edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), in effect since 1st January 2000, has been applied to the present work.

The type list is arranged alphabetically and the following data are given: name of the species and of the author, the complete reference of the description, type locality, current systematic placement, category of the type, number and sex of specimens, complete label, in which handwritten text is given in italics; labels are separated from each other by square brackets; a stroke marks the end of a line. The state of preservation is given only in case of damaged types.

Only selected types were illustrated, such as the newly designated neotype and lectotypes. Pictures of the types were taken with Nikon D-80 connected to the stereomicroscope Togal SCZ and stacked with the software Combine ZP (by Paolo Rosa); the white calibration of the photocamera was applied to reduce the blue effect of the neon light of the Togal microscope. Two pictures were taken with Canon EOS 7D combined with the software Zerene Stacker (“HV” photos = by Hege Vårdal).

All the chrysidid types housed at the NHRS were labelled with NHRS-HEVA catalogue numbers and databased in the DINA-system used by several Swedish natural history collections. This data is presented on Naturarv which is the Search Portal for Natural History Collections in Sweden (www.naturarv.se). GBIF harvest data from this system on a regular basis. High resolution photographs of the types presented in this paper will be uploaded on the database of biological images Morphbank (www.morphbank.net).

Other specimens examined or discussed are deposited in the following institutions:

BME

Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA.

BMNH

The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.

HNHM

Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.

ISEA–PAS

Invertebrate collections of the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow, Poland.

MNHN

National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France.

MNHU

Museum of Natural History of the Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany.

MRSN

Regional Museum of Natural Science, Turin, Italy.

MZH

Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki; Helsinki, Finland.

MZLU

Lund Zoological Museum, University of Lund, Sweden.

NHMW

Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria.

NHRS

Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.

NMLS

Natur-Museum, Luzern, Switzerland.

NMPC

National Museum of Natural History, Prague, Czech Republic.

ZMUC

Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

ZMUK

Zoological Museum, University of Kiel, Germany.

Catalogue of the types in NHRS

Bohart, 1982

: Bohart (in Bohart & Kimsey)

Type locality.

U.S.A. (holotype from Borrego Valley, San Diego Co., California; paratypes: 44 ♂♂ and 58 ♀♀ form California and Nevada).

Paratype 1 ♂.

[1,000 Palms Cyn., Cal. Riverside Co. IV-9-1964] [R.M. Bohart collector] [Paratype ♂ R. M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001057].

Paratype 1 ♀.

[Calif 2 mi E Lone Pine Inyo Co. V-19-1970] [E.E. Grissell Colr] [Paratype ♀ R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001058].

Remarks.

The holotype is deposited at the BME.

Current status.

Bohart, 1982.

Bohart, 1982

: Bohart (in Bohart & Kimsey)

U.S.A. (holotype from Sagehen Creek, Nevada Co., California; paratypes 42 ♂♂ and 41 ♀♀ from the same locality).

[Sahegen Crk Cal. Nevada Co. VI 25 1966] [ R.L. Brumley Coll.] [Paratype ♂ R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001063].

[Sahegen Crk Nevada Co. Cal. VII 13 68] [ RM Bohart Colr.] [Paratype ♀ R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001064].

The holotype is deposited at the BME.

Bohart, 1982.

Bohart, 1982

: Bohart (in Bohart & Kimsey)

U.S.A. (holotype from Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Co., California; paratypes 34 ♂♂ and 99 ♀♀ from Arizona, California and Idaho).

[Arroyo Seco Camp Calif. Monterey Co. V-15-1973] [C. Goodpasture Colr] [Paratype Argochrysis ♀ litura R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001096].

The holotype is deposited at the BME.

Bohart, 1982.

Bohart, 1982

: Bohart (in Bohart & Kimsey)

U.S.A. (holotype from Whitewater, Riverside Co., California; paratypes 20 ♂♂ and 32 ♀♀ from Arizona, California, Nevada).

[Mt. Diablo Cal. V-12-39] [G.E. Bohart Collector] [Paratype Ceratochrysis concava ♂ R. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001068].

[Mt. Diablo, Cal. V-16-40] [J.W. MacSwain Collector] [Paratype Ceratochrysis concava ♀ R. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001069].

The holotype is deposited at the BME.

Bohart, 1982.

Bohart, 1982

: Bohart (in Bohart & Kimsey)

U.S.A. (holotype from Davis, California; paratypes 34 ♂♂ and 30 ♀♀ from Alberta, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas and Wyoming).

Paratype ♂.

[Tracy, Calif. San Joaquin Co. V-26 1949] [J.W. MacSwain Collector] [Paratype ♂ R. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA 000001109].

Paratype ♀.

[Tracy, Calif. San Joaquin Co. VI-3 1949] [J.W. MacSwain Collector] [Paratype ♀ R. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001110].

The holotype is deposited at the BME.

Bohart, 1982.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 1

Plate 1.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Metasoma, dorsal view B head, frontal view.

:

South Africa: “Port Natal”.

Holotype ♀

(not ♂): [Caffraria] [J. Wahlb.] [Type] [ (sic) Dahlb.] [275 82] [NHRS-HEVA000001065].

The type is a female, with the tip of the ovipositor visible. The species is dedicated to Carl Henrik Boheman (1796–1868) a Swedish entomologist. Therefore the correct name should be bohemani and not bohemanni. However, according to the Code (ICZN 1999: Article 32.5.1) in the original publication there is no clear evidence of an inadvertent error; moreover (ICZN 1999: Article 32.5.1.1), at the end of the same publication (Dahlbom 1845), a corrigendum is given including the correction of the name Scönherri in Schönherri, but not the correction of the name . Furthermore, in the following volume (Dahlbom 1854), Carl Henrik Boheman is cited in the introduction and in the text, but Dahlbom went on using the name , fixing the wrong spelling, which is in current use (Bohart 1988; Madl and Rosa 2012; Strumia 2009).

(Dahlbom, 1845) (transferred by Bohart 1988: 349).

Linsenmaier, 1959

:

Palestine.

[Jerusalem 5.V.43 Palestina Houska lgt.] [Paratype Lins.♂ Linsenmaier det. 59] [NHRS-HEVA000001067].

The holotype is deposited in the Linsenmaier collection at the NMLS.

(Linsenmaier, 1959) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 487).

Valkeila, 1971

Plate 2

Plate 2.

Valkeila, 1971, holotype. A Head and mesosoma, lateral view B head, frontal view C metasoma, lateral view D third metasomal tergite, dorso-lateral view.

:

Sweden: “Nrk. Åsbro Lerbäck”.

Holotype ♀.

[Sweden Närke Lerbäck, Åsbro 1968 G. Hallin] [390 81] [ n.sp. det. E. Valkeila – 69 Holotypus] [NRM Sthlm Loan 2571/08] [Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm Loan no 1483/96] [ Lins. det. O. Niehuis 1997] [NHRS-HEVA000001070].

For a very long time remained an enigmatic species. Linsenmaier (1987, 1997a) did not even cite it in his revisional works on the European species. Also the most important European revisions or checklists published in the 1990s (Kunz 1994; Mingo 1994; Strumia 1995) did not include . Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 400) were the first authors to include in a catalogue with the status of valid species. Diagnostic characteristics were cited in the original description, Niehuis (2000: 184) found other better and usable characteristics, and later listed as a valid species widely distributed in Germany (Niehuis 2001: 120). A detailed morphological analysis of this species was finally provided by van der Smissen (2010: 69) in her monographical work on the group. Soon and Saarma (2011) included in their molecular analysis. The distribution of this species is still poorly known and related to central and north European countries (Paukkunen et al. 2014). However we do believe that could have a wide distributional range and that data are missing because of misidentifications with other species within the species group (Rosa et al. 2013).

In the original description Valkeila listed 3 females (holotype and 2 paratypes) from Närke Lerbäck, Åsbro (leg. G. Hallin). At the moment only the holotype is present in the general collection. The two paratypes are in Gunnar Hallin’s private collection, which is scheduled for donation to the NHRS (H. Vårdal, pers. comm.).

Valkeila, 1971.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 3

Plate 3.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view C head, frontal view.

:

unknown.

[Mus. Payk.] [Type] [NHRS-HEVA000001071].

is an Afrotropical species, known from South Africa (Mocsáry 1902b: 543; Edney 1952: 432; Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 402); Lesotho is also mentioned, but without precise locality (Madl and Rosa 2012: 29). The species is dedicated to Johan Wilhelm Dalman (1787–1828), a Swedish physician and a naturalist interested in entomology and botany. Similarly to the case of , the correct spelling should be dalmani and not dalmanni. However, also in this case (Dahlbom 1845, 1854) it is clear Dahlbom’s intention to double the final “n”, making the original surname with a German appearance.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Dahlbom, 1850

Plate 4

Plate 4.

Dahlbom, 1850, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B metasoma, dorsal view.

:

South Africa, Natal province.

[Caffraria] [J. Wahlb] [Type] [] [Typus] [268 82] [NHRS-HEVA000001072].

The type is damaged, the head is missing.

Dahlbom, 1850.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 5

Plate 5.

Dahlbom, 1845, lectotype (photo HV). A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

:

Egypt.

Lectotype

(here designated) ♀: [Egypt] [Hedb.] [47 86] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [Paralectotypus ♀ Dahlbom 1845 des. by Bohart P. Rosa vidit 2010] [ Spinola P. Rosa det. 2010] [NHRS-HEVA000001073] (Plate 5).

Paralectotype 1 ♀.

[Egypt] [Hedb.] [48 86] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [Paralectotypus ♀ Dahlbom 1845 des. by Bohart P. Rosa vidit 2010] [ Spinola P. Rosa det. 2010] [NHRS-HEVA000001074].

Dahlbom (1845: 13) described PageBreak without any information on the type-series. Later Dahlbom (1854: 226) listed that he examined only two specimens: “Habitat in Aegypto, a D. Hedenborg detecta. Specimina duo e Museo R. Acad. Scient. Stockholm. communicavit D. Boheman.” In the collection three female specimens are found. They bear red labels with the numbers 47, 48, 49 and they were all collected by Hedenborg in Egypt. Two specimens are equal and belong to the species Spinola, 1838; whereas the third specimen, although with similar colouration and habitus, is different and belongs to the species Klug, 1845. The latter specimen is not part of the original type-series and cannot be considered as syntype. The other two specimens, found in the collection with catalogue numbers 47 (NHRS-HEVA000001073) and 48 (NHRS-HEVA000001074) can be considered as syntypes. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 446) designated the lectotype of and placed it in synonymy with . Unfortunately, Bohart selected the specimen not syntypic and not belonging to (n° 49), but the specimen belonging to . It bears the labels: [Egypt] [Hedb.] [49 86] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [ ♀ Dahlbom Lectotype R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001131]. This specimen must be excluded from the type-series because the anal margin is quite different from the anal margin of as found in the original description: “Abdominis segmenti 3:tii series ante-apicalis e punctis modicis non confluentibus constituta; dentes apicales breves obtusi. Corpus 2 ½ lin. long”. All three specimens share the same shape of the pit row of the third tergite, but only two specimens have apical teeth short and more or less obtuse and their body lenght is “2 ½ lin.”. The female of has different anal teeth: the median ones are rounded and the lateral ones are spiniform; moreover it is longer than the other two specimens. More differences are found between the two species (e.g. the length of the malar space (Plate 5B)) but without relation to the original description. According to the ICZN (Art. 74.2) if it is demonstrated that a specimen designated as a lectotype was not a syntype, it loses its lectotype status.

We here designate one of the two female syntypes as the lectotype of Dahlbom, 1845 to fix the synonym Dahlbom = Spinola. If we would consider Bohart’s lectotype designation as valid, then the synonym Dahlbom = Dahlbom would generate confusion, since has the priority over , which is currently in prevailing use.

Spinola, 1838 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 446).

Balthasar, 1957

Plate 6

Plate 6.

Balthasar, 1957, holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B metasoma, dorsal view C head, frontal view.

:

Afghanistan: “Umgebung von Sarekanda (4100m) in Badakschan-gebirge (28.VII.1953)”.

[J. Klapperich Sarekanda, 4100m 28.7.53, Gebirge Badakschan NO – Afghanistan] [ n.sp. Balth. ♀ Holotypus]

One paratype found in the Linsenmaier Collection at the NMLS.

Balthasar, 1957.

Dahlbom, 1854

Plate 7

Plate 7.

Dahlbom, 1854, holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, lateral view D third metasomal tergite, dorso-lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view F metasomal sternites, ventral view.

:

unknown.

[Mus. Payk.] [Type] [Typus] [374 58] [Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm Loan no 993/98] [NHRS-HEVA000000008].

Dahlbom (1845: 11) described based on a type series including male and female from Sweden and another specimen from Norway. Later Dahlbom (1854: 307) described the female as a separate species ‘Specimen unicum e Collectione Paykulli Mus. R. Acad. Scient. Stockholm, communicavit D. Boheman’. This specimen is both syntype of Dahlbom, 1845 and holotype of Dahlbom, 1854. Both types of and have been examined by Linsenmaier (1959: 163); the other two males (not syntypes) of listed by Dahlbom (1854: 305) are housed in MZLU (Paukkunen et al. 2014).

Dahlbom, 1854.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 8

Plate 8.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

:

unknown [not Italy, Sicily].

[Mus. Payk.] [Type] [NHRS-HEVA000001081].

Dahlbom (1845: 11 [not 1854: 155]) described on a single specimen without any type locality, as written later more clearly by Dahlbom himself (1854: 155): “Specimen e Collectione Pajkulliana Musei Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockholm. communicavit D. Boheman, patria non indicata”. In the NHRS collection there are two specimens with the same label [Mus. Payk.] and belonging to the same species; but only one is labelled as [Type] and we consider it as the holotype. It is damaged after an old dermestid attack; it lacks the right flagellum, both right fore- and hindwing, left hindwing and right hindleg.

For a long time, PageBreak has been considered as a variety of Linnaeus, 1761 by the most important authors (Mocsáry 1889: 444; Dalla Torre 1892: 108; Trautmann 1927: 165; Berland and Bernard 1938: 107). Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 424) synonymised it with Fabricius, 1787. Without following the Principle of Priority, Linsenmaier (1951: 101) considered as a variety of Eversmann, 1857. Later Linsenmaier (1959: 132) placed in relation with Abeille de Perrin, 1877, but he was not sure about the correct relationship: “Der Name erythromelas Dahlbom 1845 bezieht sich auf diese Spezies, doch kann ich nicht beurteilen, ob er als Synonym zu integra Nominatform aufzufassen ist, oder ob er an Stelle von ssp. zu treten hätte (er wurde nach einem ♀ ohne Patria aufgestellt, auch ohne sichere Geschlechts-Bestimmung)”. Finally Linsenmaier (1997a: 277) synonymised with Smith, 1851; but this synonym is in error, since is described from England and it is related to Linnaeus s. str.. and related forms are distributed only in the Mediterranean area. The name was even used to identify other species belonging to the group. For example Invrea (1920: 417; 1921: 344) identified the females of Lepeletier, 1806 as . The examination of the holotype confirms that is the first available name for the species named Abeille de Perrin, 1877 or Smith, 1851 sensu Linsenmaier (1997a) and widely distributed in northern Africa (see the material housed in the Linsenmaier collection) and in Sicily. The species is easily identifiable from Fabricius by the deep and long frontal sulcus elongated between the fore ocellus and the facial scapal basin, halving the transversal frontal carina (TFC); punctation on metasoma with shining intervals between the punctures, with smaller dots between the larger punctures; last tergite with pit row deeply elongated (Plate 8).

Dahlbom, 1845, status revived.

Dahlbom, 1845

:

Algeria.

Holotype ♂.

[Paykull] [Algier] [NHRS-HEVA000001089].

Dahlbom, 1845 nec Westwood, 1842 is unavailable and the oldest available name from among its synonyms is Lucas, 1849. However the validity of this species is not clear and currently it is considered a north African subspecies of Lepeletier, 1806.

Lucas, 1849 (Linsenmaier 1959: 124).

Dahlbom, 1850

Plate 9

Plate 9.

Dahlbom, 1850, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorso-lateral view.

:

South Africa: “Natal”.

[Caffraria] [J. Wahlb.] [] [269 82] [NHRS-HEVA000001090].

Dahlbom, 1850.

Balthasar, 1957

:

Afghanistan: “Umgebung von Schau (2000m) im Kokscha-Tal in Badakschan-Gebirge (19.VII.1953)”.

[J. Klapperich Schau, 2000 m 19.7.53, Kokschatal, Badakschan NO – Afghanistan] [ ♀ n.sp. Balth. Holotypus] [NHRS-HEVA000001092].

In Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 436) the type repository is reported as the NMPC.

Semenov, 1954 (synonymised by Linsenmaier 1968: 74).

Linsenmaier, 1959

:

Croatia: Krk island.

[Insel Krk leg. Mader Coll. Linsenmaier] [ Lins. Linsenmaier det. 59] [NHRS-HEVA000001093].

[Insel Krk leg. Mader Coll. Linsenmaier] [ Lins. Linsenmaier det. 59] [NHRS-HEVA000001094].

The two specimens do not bear the typical handwritten note ‚paratype‘ by Linsenmaier; but after the study of his collection in NMLS we can state that they are paratypes. Often Linsenmaier labelled only the holotype and the allotype, especially when describing subspecies with long series. These two specimens were donated by Linsenmaier and have the same handwritten locality and year of identification as the other specimens belonging to the type-series in the Linsenmaier collection. This subspecies is clearly separated from the nominal form (Rosa 2003: 307).

Linsenmaier, 1959.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 10

Plate 10.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

:

Greece: Rhodes.

Syntype 1 ♀.

[Rhodus] [Hedenb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001095].

This species belongs to the group and is conspecific with Trautmann, 1926. None of the most important authors (Dahlbom 1854; Mocsáry 1889; du Buysson (in André) 1891–1896; Trautmann 1927; Berland and Bernard 1938; Linsenmaier 1951, 1959, 1968) mentioned this species. Only Dalla Torre (1892: 74) and later Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 431) listed it as a valid species in the group, without type examination. The female syntype has all the typical characteristics of , species widespread from Zante (typical locality) to Middle East. A second syntype is housed in the Dahlbom collection in MZLU. We here propose Trautmann, 1926, as a new synonym of Dahlbom, 1845.

A similar case was found studying Dahlbom’s type of (Dahlbom, 1845). was described from Rhodes and belongs to the group. was synonymised by Dahlbom himself (1854: 159, var. h) with Lepeletier, 1806 and remained in synonymy with in all the most important works. However, nobody noticed that the description was perfectly matching the description of Trautmann, 1926 nec Fabricius, 1775, also described from Rhodes. Linsenmaier (1959: 137) replaced the name Trautmann with Linsenmaier, 1959 without taking care of the possible synonymy with (Dahlbom). There is no doubt about Trautmann, 1926 (currently Linsenmaier) as a new synonym of (Dahlbom, 1845), because is one of the most common species on the island and its peculiar colour is unique in this species group: “Corpus æneo- aut subaurato-viride” and “Caput et thorax cyaneo- et viridi-variegata. Abdom. segmenti 3:tii series punctorum ante apicalis numerosorum orbiculatorum subconfluentium. Corpus 2 ½ lin. long.”. This peculiar green or golden-green colouration is well emphasized by the name smaragdula, which in Latin means emerald green.

Both names and have been used mainly by Linsenmaier and a few other authors (i.e. Rosa 2005b; Strumia and Yildirim 2009), and according to the ICZN there is no reason for applying the Reversal of Precedence. The type of is housed in the Dahlbom collection in MZLU.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Bohart, 1982

: Bohart (in Bohart & Kimsey)

U.S.A. (holotype from Tanbark Flat, Los Angeles Co., California; paratypes: 11 ♂♂ and 41 ♀♀ from California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming).

[Mt. Diablo, Cal. V-12-1937] [R.M. Bohart Colr] [Paratype R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001097].

Paratype 1♀.

[Hopland Grade Lake Co. Cal. V-19-1961] [S.M. Fidel Collector] [Paratype R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001098].

The holotype is deposited at the BME.

Bohart, 1982.

Dahlbom, 1854

Plate 11

Plate 11.

Dahlbom, 1854, syntype. A Habitus, lateral view B second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view C head, lateral view.

:

Greece: Rhodes.

Syntype 1 ♂.

[Rhodus] [Hedenb.] [det. W. Trautmann] [] [NHRS-HEVA000001099].

[Rhodus] [Hedenb.] [det. W. Trautmann] [NHRS-HEVA000001100].

In MNHU there are two other syntypes, male and female, labelled: [Rhodus, Mai, Loew S.] [. ♂] [Bischoff det.] [Syntypus ♂ Dahlbom P. Rosa vidit 2010] .

Dahlbom, 1854.

Dahlbom, 1850

Plate 12

Plate 12.

Dahlbom, 1850, lectotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

:

South Africa: “Natal”.

Lectotype ♀.

[Caffraria] [J. Wahlb.] [Typus] [.] [270 82] [ ♀ R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001111].

Dahlbom (1845: 14) described on a single specimen from Guinea, received by Westermann and currently housed in his collection at the MZLU. Later Dahlbom (1850: 140) described the same species under a new name, , adding one specimen from Port Natal collected by J. Wahlberg and deposited at the NHRS, and another specimen from Promontorium Bonae Spei [= Cape of Good Hope] found in Spinola’s collection (MRSN). In his last work Dahlbom (1854: 326) gave a detailed description in Latin of , and described a new European species with the name Dahlbom, 1854. The latter is a junior homonym of Dahlbom, 1845 (currently Marquet, 1879). The first available name for Dahlbom, 1850 is therefore Dahlbom, 1845. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 437) designated the lectotype.

Dahlbom, 1845 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 437).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 13

Plate 13.

Dahlbom, 1845, holoype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

:

Columbia: “Remedios”.

[Remedios] [Nisser] [Type] [NHRS-HEVA000001113].

Dahlbom (1845) described based on a female collected by Nisser at Remedios. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 443) examined a male holotype in MZLU. This specimen was not located at the MZLU.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 14

Plate 14.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A head and mesosoma, dorsal view B second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view C head, frontal view.

:

unknown.

[Mus. Payk.] [] [NHRS-HEVA000000856].

The specimen is badly conserved. The metasoma was broken and glued using large quantity of glue, which now includes also part of the legs. All the European authors and Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 420) considered this small and slender specimen as synonym of PageBreak (Linnaeus). The specimen clearly belongs to another species, probably Schenck, 1856. Villu Soon (pers. comm.) confirmed that it possibly belongs to but perhaps even Haupt, 1956. Since the name Dahlbom has the priority on almost all the other names in the group, we suggest considering it as a nomen oblitum, to maintain the prevailing usage of the names within this complicated species-group (Art. 23.9 of the Code).

(Linnaeus, 1758) (synonymised by Mocsáry 1889: 488).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 15

Plate 15.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C mesopleuron, lateral view D third metasomal tergite, dorsal view.

:

unknown.

[Mus. Payk.] [] [NHRS-HEVA000001114].

The type is partially damaged after an old dermestid attack. It lacks the right antenna, the left mid- and hindlegs, partially the right forewing and part of the metanotum.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Linsenmaier, 1968

:

Greece (holotype from Athen; allotype from Corinth; paratype localities not listed).

Paratypes 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀.

[Graecia, Pelop. 18 km Südlich Tripolis 15.V.62 leg. Linsenmaier] [Paratypen Lins. Linsenmaier det. 63] [NHRS-HEVA000001087].

The holotype is housed in the Linsenmaier Collection at NMLS.

(Linsenmaier, 1968) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 494).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 16

Plate 16.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C hed and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

:

unknown.

[Mus. Payk.] [Type] [] [NHRS-HEVA000001115].

The species was described with the name “ Dalm. ♂ Mus. Paykull” and emendated in the same work (Dahlbom 1845: corrigenda at pag. 21). The type locality reported by Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 454 “Yugoslavia, Dalmatia”) is in error. Possibly they confused Dalm. [= Dalman] with Dalmatia. The type locality is unknown, as confirmed in Dahlbom (1854: 259): “ Dalman Mus. Paykulli; teste D. Boheman, qui specimen unicum, patria non notata, e Museo R. Acad. Scient. Stockholm. amice communicavit”.

Very likely Paykull received the male (described as ) and the female (described as ) together, from the same locality, probably in north Africa. They both belong to the same species, Dahlbom, 1845, even if the male shows some peculiar characteristics which are not found in other northern African or Sicilian specimens: short pronotum, lateral angles on T-III more acute. The metasoma is entirely reddish, but this unusual colour was found also in other specimens in the Linsenmaier collection.

After Linsenmaier (1959) the name was used to identify a common Mediterranean species (Mingo 1994; Mingo and Gayubo 1985, 1986a, 1986b; Mingo et al. 1988, 1990; Rosa 2004, 2005a, 2005b; Strumia 1995, 1996, 2005, 2007a, 2007b; Strumia and Pagliano 2010; Strumia et al. 2010). The type of does not match Linsenmaier’s interpretation of the species and a new name must be given to this species.

The first available name from among its synonyms is Radoszkowski, 1891. The type of was checked and it is currently housed in the Radoszkowski collection in ISEA-PAS (Rosa et al. 2015). Linsenmaier (1968: 82) considered as a subspecies of , with coarser and denser punctation on the metasoma, with micro-punctated intervals between the punctures and mesosoma greener in colour. The distribution given by Linsenmaier for is: Persia, S Russia, Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor and Manchuria. It is well known that in the Euro-Asiatic chrysidids, patterns in punctation have a gradient, becoming coarser from west to east. Similarly many common are greener in the eastern area of their distribution in Europe. simply represents the eastern form with coarser punctation.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Dahlbom, 1854

Plate 17

Plate 17.

Dahlbom, 1854, holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, lateral view.

:

unknown.

[Mus. Payk.] [Type] [NHRS-HEVA000001116].

(Dahlbom, 1854) (tranferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 495).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 18

Plate 18.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, lateral view D third metasomal tergite, lateral view.

:

South Africa.

[Caffraria] [J. Wahlb.] [Typus] [.] [271 82] [NHRS-HEVA000001118].

The type lacks the left forewing. The emendated name was introduced by Dahlbom (1850: 139). Carl Johan Schönherr was a Swedish entomologist born in Stockholm from a German family.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Valkeila, 1971

Plate 19

Plate 19.

Valkeila, 1971, paratype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

:

Finland: “Vanaja”.

[Jmt. Undersåker [unreadeable] 16.7.48 [Valliste 1000m C.B. Gaunitz] [ Lins. Linsenmaier det. 59] [ n.sp. det. E. Valkeila – 69] [Typus] [NHRS-HEVA000001117].

The paratype lacks both right wings. The correct name for the locality of this paratype is found in the original description. The holotype is deposited at the PageBreakMZH. was described based on seventy-six specimens from Finland, Russia and Sweden. Paukkunen et al. (2014: 41) synonymised it with Haupt, 1956, and found that the paratypes belong to different species: Linsenmaier, 1968 (36 exx.), Haupt, 1956 (33 exx.), group (2 exx.), Schenck, 1856 (2 exx.), Schenck, 1856 (1 ex.) and Linsenmaier, 1959 (1 ex.). The paratype preserved in NHRS belongs to (V. Soon and J. Paukkunen, in litt.). Valkeila considered the punctation of the terga as a more important character in species identification rather than other characteristics, such as the width of the ovipositor.

Haupt, 1956 (synonymised by Paukkunen et al. 2014: 41).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 20

Plate 20.

Dahlbom, 1845, syntype. Syntype. A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view.

:

South Africa: “Capitis Bonae Spei”.

[Cap. B. Spei] [Mus. Payk.] [NHRS-HEVA000001119].

The name Dahlbom, 1845, nec Brullé, 1833 is not available and was replaced by Mocsáry (1889) with the name . See the other notes under Dahlbom.

Mocsáry, 1889, a replacement name for Dahlbom, 1845 nec Brullé, 1833.

Dahlbom, 1854

Plate 21

Plate 21.

Dahlbom, 1854, holotype. Syntype. A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

:

South Africa: “Capitis Bonae Spei”.

[Cap. B. Spei] [Mus. Payk.] [Type] [] [NHRS-HEVA000001120].

The type of lacks the right flagellum and the right foreleg. Dahlbom (1845: 11-12) described based on two syntypes, a male and a female, with the same colour “Divis IV. Thorax variegatus. Abdomen cyaneo-. viridi- et aureo-fasciatum”. He described the female with four teeth on the anal margin (“Subdivis. 2. Abdominis segmentum 3:tium apice 4-dentatum”) (Plate 20D) and the male without teeth on the anal margin, but with a simple undulation (“Subdiv. 3. Abdominis segmentum 3:tium apice undulatum”) (Plate 21D). These two specimens clearly belong to two different species-groups. Later, Dahlbom (1854: 153) recognised the male as belonging to a different species and described it with the name . He left the female under the name Dahlbom, 1845, without noticing that this name was already used by Brullé (1833).

Mocsáry (1889: 296), without type examination, considered Dahlbom, 1845 and Dahlbom, 1854 (“ex parte, solum ♂” [the male only]) as synonyms of Guérin-Méneville, 1842. Mocsáry (1889: 440) also replaced the name Dahlbom, 1845, nec Brullé, 1833 (“ex parte, solum ♀”) with Mocsáry, 1889. is now considered endemic to Madagascar, absent from South Africa (Azevedo et al. 2010: 858). Since Mocsáry (1889: 428) did not examine Dahlbom’s types, he described again Dahlbom, 1845 as a new species from South Africa with the name Mocsáry, 1889. We examined the type of , which is deposited at the NHMW.

In this case, the replacement name Mocsáry has priority over Mocsáry and therefore we propose the new synonym Mocsáry, 1889 = Mocsáry, 1889. Edney (1952: 423) followed Mocsáry in the interpretation of Brullé, but without reporting any differences between the sexes. He also described Edney, 1952, which resulted synonym of Dahlbom. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 463), without the examination of Dahlbom’s types, synonymised Dahlbom, Mocsáry and Edney with and used eximia Mocsáry, 1889 as the valid name. Madl and Rosa (2012) followed the interpretation given by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).

According to the types, the two valid species and their synonymies are:

Mocsáry, 1889 replacement name for Dahlbom, 1845 nec Brullé, 1833 (synonyms: Mocsáry, 1889; Mocsáry, 1912) ( group);

Dahlbom, 1845 (synonym: Edney, 1954) ( group).

Dahlbom, 1854.

Dahlbom, 1854

Plate 22

Plate 22.

Dahlbom, 1855, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view C head, frontal view.

:

Greece: “Habitat in insula Rhodo, a D. Hedenborg detecta; Mus. D. Loew”.

(here designated) ♂: [Rhodus] [Hedenb.] [det. W. Trautmann] [ ??] [NHRS-HEVA000001121].

Dahlbom (1854) described based on more male specimens collected at Rhodes by Hedenborg and Loew. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 464) listed the holotype in MNHU, but we could not find it with the help of the curator Frank Koch; Loew’s are not conserved in MNHU, as well as in BMNH or NHRS. Since it is possible that one or more syntypes could be found in another collection, we select the male specimen housed at the NHRS as lectotype, which matches perfectly the current interpretation of the species.

The lectotype is partially damaged; it lacks the left flagellum, tarsi of the right midleg and the left hindleg except for the coxa. The metasoma is glued to the mesosoma.

Dahlbom, 1854.

Linsenmaier, 1968

:

Burma: “N.O. Burma, Kambaiti, 2000m”.

[N. E. Burma Kambaiti; 2000 m 23/4.1934 Malaise] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [♀ Type Lins. Linsenmaier det. 64] [ det. Linsenmaier 1994] [NHRS-HEVA000001126].

Linsenmaier (1997a: 284) disagreed with the placement of proposed by Kimsey and Bohart (1991) and described the subgenus based on .

(Linsenmaier, 1968) (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 543).

Bohart, 1982

: Bohart (in Bohart & Kimsey)

U.S.A. (holotype, 59 ♂♂ and 56 ♀♀ paratypes from Utah).

Paratype 1♂.

[UTAH Rich Co. S.W. Shore Bear Lake Reared, FD Parker] [16605F Rearing No.] [Paratype ♂ R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000000858].

[UTAH Rich Co. S.W. Shore Bear Lake Reared, FD Parker] [16674C Rearing No.] [Paratype ♀ R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000000859].

The holotype is deposited at the BME.

Bohart, 1982.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 23

Plate 23.

Dahlbom, 1845, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, lateral view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

:

South Africa: “Natal”.

Lectotype ♂.

[Caffraria] [J. Wahlb.] [272 82] [] [Lectotype ♂ Dahlbom R.M. Bohart] [NHRS-HEVA000001127].

Paralectoype ♀.

[Caffraria] [J. Wahlb.] [273 82] [] [NHRS-HEVA000001128].

Lectotype designation by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 478).

Dahlbom, 1845.

Dahlbom, 1845

:

Greece: Rhodes.

[Mus. Payk.] [NHRS-HEVA000001066].

Dahlbom is a secondary junior homonym of Germar, 1817. Dalla Torre (1892: 49, 58) placed in synonym of Klug (!) Germar, 1817 (partim) and Lepeletier (partim). The type is surely related to large species (3 ½ lin. long.), not comparable with Germar. The type is partially damaged; it lacks the left fore wing, femura, tibiae and tarsi of left mid- and hindlegs, and tarsi of the left foreleg.

Lepeletier, 1806 (synonymized by Mocsáry 1889: 301).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 24

Plate 24.

Dahlbom, 1845, syntype male. A Habitus, dorso-lateral view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D metasoma, dorsal view E third metasomal tergite, dorsal view F metasomal sternites, ventral view.

:

Egypt.

Syntype ♀.

[Egypt] [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001083].

Syntype ♂.

[Egypt] [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001084].

was described based on few specimens (rar.) considered as females, but in the collection one female and one male are found. Dahlbom (1854: 172) gave a subsequent description of the species, which is not very precise, especially with respect to the colour. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 497) placed in synonym with (Förster, 1853), without type examination. This synonym is in error; was described from Egypt, whereas is a Euro-Sibiric species, not distributed in northern Africa and belonging to a different genus. belongs to the group.

(Dahlbom, 1845) (transferred by Mocsáry 1889: 292).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 25

Plate 25.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

:

Greece: Rhodes.

[Rhodus] [Hedb.] [Type] [NHRS-HEVA000001088].

Dahlbom, 1845 (transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 547).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 26

Plate 26.

Dahlbom, 1845, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C habitus, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

:

Greece: Rhodes.

(here designated) ♀: [Rhodus] [Hedb.] [Type] [NHRS-HEVA000001125].

Notes.

Dahlbom (1845) described PageBreakPageBreak based few specimens from Rhodes “”. Since Dahlbom wrote “rar.” and not “rariss.” he examined at least two specimens. The original diagnosis (Dahlbom 1845) is quite different from the description given in 1854 and the current interpretation of the species. Dahlbom (1845) described as a species with red sternites “Divis. 2. Abdominis dorsum totum aureum. Venter igneus”, whereas the species today identified as has blue or blue-green sternites, which is a useful characteristic to separate it from Dahlbom, 1854 in south Europe. Moreover, he described with green mesosoma (“Thorax viridis”), whereas all the specimens studied have blue mesosoma, with green reflections on the lateral sides of the mesonotum.

In the general collection, under the name , two specimens were found. These are a specimen of and a second specimen (without head), which belongs to Dahlbom, 1845, also described from Rhodes. It bears the same labels: [Rhodes] [Hedb.]. This specimen is obviously different, since it has two small teeth along the anal margin; but we noticed that the position of the ovipositor somehow hides the two small teeth. Perhaps it is possible that Dahlbom did not see these two small teeth and considered this specimen as a syntype. The latter has red sternites and green mesosoma.

Later Dahlbom (1854: 116), after the examination of a Sicilian specimen housed at the NHMW, gave a better and detailed description of the species, which was accepted by all the following authors and is currently recognised. The specimen examined at the NHMW is lost and was considered as a syntype by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Since the original description is ambiguous and the species could be described from several specimens, in accordance with the ICZN (Art. 73) we hereby designate the lectotype of on the male specimen bearing the label [Type] and characterised by the broken last tergite (Plate 26D). The designated lectotype matches the current interpretation of the species given by Dahlbom (1854) and Linsenmaier (1959).

Dahlbom, 1845.

Dalman, 1823

Plate 27

Plate 27.

Dalman, 1823, holotype. Habitus, dorsal view.

:

Brazil.

[Brasilia Freyreiss] [Schh.] [Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm Loan no 333/96] [ Dalm. det. L. Móczár, 1996] [Lectotypus ] [NHRS-HEVA000001082].

Lectotype designated by Móczár (1996: 136); a paralectotype is deposited at the HNHM.

(Dalman, 1823) (transferred by Mocsáry 1904: 569).

Hammer, 1950

:

China: “Provinz Kiansu, leg. Kolthoff, Oktober”.

[Provins Kiangsu] [China Kolthoff] [Type] [ ♀ det. Hammer] [NHRS-HEVA000001124].

Hammer described based on two females, a holotype and a paratype. Móczár (1998a: 341) searched for the holotype in NHRS, but the senior curator, Fredrik Ronquist, could not find it. Consequently Móczár (1998a), according to the ICZN (Art. 75), designated the neotype based on the paratype housed in Hammer’s collection in NHMW. The discovery of the original holotype automatically sets aside Móczár’s neotype designation (Art. 75.8, status of rediscovered former name-bearing types). Pictures of the holotype are provided by Rosa et al. (2014).

The correct spelling of the name should be sjostedti and not sjoestedti as reported by Móczár (1998a: 325) and Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 435) in the following case of Cameron. These two species were dedicated to Yngve Sjöstedt, professor and curator of the NHRS; according to the ICZN (Art. 32.5.2.1); only in case of a German name the correct writing would be sjoestedti.

Hammer, 1950.

Dahlbom, 1845

:

Turkey: “Bosfor”.

[Bosfor Hed. 32] [NHRS-HEVA000001122].

Spinola, 1838 (synonymised by Dahlbom 1854: 60).

Cameron, 1910

Plate 28

Plate 28.

Cameron, 1910, holotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C metasoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

:

Tanzania: “Kilimandjaro. 2”.

[Kilimandj. Sjöstedt] [2 Nov] [Typus] [] [173 85] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [Holotype ♂ Cameron det L D French] [NHRS-HEVA000001101].

The type is badly damaged by dermestids. It lacks the antennae, the right part of the head, including mouthparts and occipitum and the right foreleg. Together with this type there are two other specimens ([NHRS-HEVA000001134] and [NHRS-HEVA000001135]) collected in the same locality by Sjöstedt and on Mount Meru, but to be excluded from the type-series because they were collected on different days. Cameron (1910) described PageBreak based only on the specimen collected on the 2nd of November. The other two specimens have been collected the 6th of September and in January. French identified all of them as but one of the specimens [175 85] collected in January belongs to a different species. Bohart (Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 216) examined the “holotype” deposited at the MZLU, but this specimen was not found, and all the material collected by Sjöstedt is deposited at the NHRS.

Cameron, 1910.

Cameron, 1910

:

Tanzania: “Kilimandjaro: Kiboto, cultivated zone, 1,300-1,900 m. 7”.

[Kilimandj. Sjöstedt] [Kibonoto 1300 – 1900 m] [Typus] [] [177 85] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [ ♀ Dahlbom R.M. Bohart det.] [NHRS-HEVA000001123].

The type is seriously damaged. It lacks great parts of the head; a small part is still connected to the mesosoma and includes TFC, ocelli, right part of the face, including mandibles and part of the antenna; all the legs, sternites and internal tergites and sternites are lost. We compared this specimen with the type of Dahlbom, 1854 (deposited at the ZMUC). Small differences exist in colour, punctation and shape of the pronotum, probably due to the distances between the two populations.

Dahlbom, 1854 (synonymised by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 435).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 29

Plate 29.

Dahlbom, 1845, lectotype (photo HV). A Habitus, lateral view B head, frontal view C metasoma, lateral view.

:

Greece: Rhodes.

(here designated) ♂: [Rhodus] [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001059].

Paralectotype 2 ♂♂.

[Rhodus] [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001060] and [NHRS-HEVA000001061].

Paralectotype 1 ♂.

[Rhodus] [Hedb.] [Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm Loan no 188/96] [NHRS-HEVA000001062].

[Rhodus] [Hedb.] [det. dr. W. Trautmann] [Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm Loan no 188/96] [NHRS-HEVA000000857].

is the type species of Dahlbom, 1845. In the general collection at the NHRS we found more similar specimens under the name “ Dahlbom” with the same labels: “Rhodus” and “Hedenborg”. They belong to different species. Dahlbom (1845: 4) wrote: ” nob. ♂ Rhodus rar. Hedenborg”. It is not possible to know how many specimens he examined, but we guess few specimens (rar.), as written in the introduction. Later Dahlbom (1854: 53) wrote: “Duo specimina ex Insula Rhodo vidi, unum a D. Hedenborg alterum a D. Loew lecta.” The second specimen is not a type, because the material collected by Loew was not included in the original description.

The history of the name PageBreak is rather confused, since it was used by many authors to identify almost all the European species of . The synthesis of this confused situation can be found in Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 225), where many species belonging to different species groups are placed in synonym with (Rosa 2006: 136). More generally, the most common European species, currently known as (Förster, 1853) (= Dahlbom, 1854) is found in synonym with after Mocsáry’s monograph (1889: 127). The same taxonomical overview was proposed by Mingo (1994: 73, 204) whereas in the other most important monographs (i.e. Trautmann 1927: 50, and Berland and Bernard 1938: 42), was considered as variety of . The name Fabricius has been suppressed by the ICZN Commission (ICZN 1998, Opinion 1906) and the species previously identified with this name sensu Linsenmaier are related with a different species-group, which includes (Lepeletier), (Förster), Mocsáry, etc.

Only after Linsenmaier’s revision (1959) of the European species, was correctly identified and recognized as a distinct, valid species endemic to Rhodes. The discussion on the name originates in Dahlbom’s monograph (1854: 53). Dahlbom considered as variety (var. d) of the new described species , contrary to the Principle of Priority that was not yet applied at that time. Two subspecies of are present in southern Europe: Linsenmaier and Linsenmaier. The possibility that they could be valid species should be taken in consideration.

Since there are different specimens in the collection, and species collected by Hedenborg on Rhodes under the name , we hereby designate as the lectotype the specimen which match the current interpretation of the species. It is pinned, in perfect condition and we dissected the genitalia, glued with the specimen (Plate 29).

Dahlbom, 1845.

Dahlbom, 1854

Plate 30

Plate 30.

Dahlbom, 1854, lectotype. A Habitus, lateral view B head, in frontal view C mesosoma, dorsal view D second and third metasomal tergites, dorsal view.

:

Cuba and U.S.A.: “Habitat in Cuba Cel. Dohrn, in New York Cel. Kriechbaumer, qui mihi specimina amice donarunt.”.

[Cuba] [Dohrn] [NHRS-HEVA000001075].

[Cuba] [Dohrn] [NHRS-HEVA000001076].

Dahlbom (1854) described based on a type-series including specimens from Cuba, received from Dohrn, and New York, received from Kriechbaumer. Mocsáry (1889: 122) without type examination placed Dahlbom in synonymy with of (Say). This synonym was accepted by several authors (Dalla Torre 1892: 30, Bodenstein 1951: 720; Krombein 1979: 1225). Bohart and Kimsey (1982: 28) listed type “unknown” and placed in synonymy with , with restricted distribution to New York; later Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 236) examined the syntype collected in New York and considered it as a holotype. With this assumption (locality restricted to N.Y.) and term (holotype), Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart 1991) explicitly indicated that he was selecting from the type series that particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type (Art. 74.5). Therefore the syntype deposited at the MZLU must be considered as the lectotype.

The two Cuban paralectotypes collected by Dohrn are deposited at the NHRS and belong to a different species, probably to (Cresson, 1865).

(Say, 1824).

Dahlbom, 1850

Plate 31

Plate 31.

Dahlbom, 1850, holotype. Habitus, lateral view.

:

South Africa.

[Caffraria] [J. Wahlb.] [Type] [NHRS-HEVA000000860].

(Dahlbom, 1850) (transferred by Mantero 1910: 548).

Cameron, 1910

:

Tanzania.

Holotype

♂ [not ♀]: [Kilimandj. Sjöstedt] [Kibonoto 1800-1900 m] [ ♂] [Riksmuseum Stockholm] [176 85] [ ♂ (Brullé) R M Bohart det] [NHRS-HEVA000001091].

The type is seriously damaged by an old dermestid attack. It lacks the antennae (except scapus), the compound eyes, part of the scapal basin, tibia and tarsi of the left foreleg, both hindlegs and the sternites and internal urites. Also the first metasomal tergite is partially damaged.

(Brullé, 1846) (synonymised and transferred by Kimsey and Bohart 1991: 535).

Dahlbom, 1845

:

Egypt.

Holotypus

(?) 1 ♀. [Egypt] [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001077- NHRS-HEVA000001079].

Dahlbom (1845: 8) described ”Platycelia Ehrenbergi PageBreaknob. Ægypt. rariss. Hedenborg.”. The use of “rariss.” suggests that Dahlbom examined only one specimen. Confirmation is given by Dahlbom himself (1854: 220) “Habitat in Aegypto, a D. Hedenborg detecta. Unicum specimen vidi, e Museo Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockholm. a D. Boheman communicatum.”. In the collection three specimens belonging to the same species were located bearing the same labels. Boheman sent only one specimen of this series to Dahlbom, who described the species. Later the specimen was reintroduced in the original series and the label handwritten by Dahlbom was destroyed. Currently the holotype is “lost” within the series, and a neotype could be designated by the first revisor. We do not select a neotype, because all the three specimens correspond to the current interpretation of the species and therefore the neotype designation seems to be unnecessary.

A revision of the species-group is needed, because many subspecific names were proposed and their relation is not clear. Trautmann (1926: 7) described ; Linsenmaier (1968: 106, 107) described three different subspecies: , , (= Trautmann). Linsenmaier (1968: 106) wrote that exists with different ecological and geographical forms: “ehrenbergi Dhlb. existiert in, mindestens im ♀ Geschlecht, durch die Färbung deutlich getrennten, ökologischen und geographischen Formen. Die Nominatform scheint auf Ägypten beschränkl zu sein. ♀ grün, K und Th obern bronzefarben oder mit weniger intensiven kupfernen Reflexen, Abd oben rosa-kupfern.”. However, some ecological or geographical forms could be valid species, as in the case of (Linnaeus).

Linsenmaier always considered Dahlbom as a valid and well-characterized subgenus; Linsenmaier (1997a: 285) observed that Kimsey and Bohart (1991) elevated some subgenera to generic level (e.g. Semenow), whereas other subgenera equally or even more characteristic (e.g. Dahlbom, Lepeletier, etc.) were downgraded to species-group even if clearly separated from the heterogeneous genus Linnaeus. The generic status and placement of should be checked in the future, with the help of molecular analysis.

(Dahlbom, 1845) (transferred by Dalla Torre 1892: 58).

Dahlbom, 1845

:

Sudan: “Bahr el Abiad”.

Syntypes

2 ♀♀. [Bahr el Abiad] [Hedenborg] [NHRS-HEVA000001085] and [NHRS-HEVA000001086].

Spinola, 1838 (synonymised and transferred by Mocsáry 1889: 590).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 32

Plate 32.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B mesonotum and metanotum, dorsal view C head, frontal view.

:

Greece: Rhodes.

[Rhodus] [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001129].

Dahlbom (1845) described without any note on the type series. More information can be found in his monographical work (Dahlbom 1854: 359): “Habitat in insula Rhodo; specimen unicum e Mus. Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockholm. communicavit Dom. Boheman.”. Currently there are three specimens in the collection collected on Rhodes by Hedenborg. Only one has a different printed label [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001129] instead of [Hedenb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001137-1138]. Hedenborg visited Rhodes more than once, and these three specimens should have been collected in two different journeys. We consider as holotype the one with a different label (NHRS-HEVA000001129).

After Dahlbom (1854), all the most important authors considered as synonym of (Forster, 1771) (Mocsáry 1889: 190; Dalla Torre 1892: 38; Bishoff 1913: 26; Trautmann 1927: 80; Linsenmaier 1951: 107). However, it was not even mentioned by Mader (1933) and Zimmermann (1937) in their revisions of the genus . In his major revisions, Linsenmaier (1959: 181 and 1968: 123) used the name Mader, 1933 (invalid name because described as aberratio) in place of for the corresponding subspecies distributed in the Mediterranean basin (Dalmatia, Balcan Contries, Rhodes, Persia, southern Switzerland (Misox), southern France, Spanien, northern Africa (Linsenmaier 1959) and Lebanon (Linsenmaier 1968)).

In the last publications, Linsenmaier (1997a: 287, 1997b: 134, 1999: 254) used Dahlbom as the oldest name for this species, synonymizing and Trautmann, 1926 with . Linsenmaier (1959) treated the invalid name as subspecies of , and thus made this name available as species-group name (ICZN 1999, article 45.6.3.). As Linsenmaier was the first author to make the name available, he should be considered as the author of (ICZN 1999, article 50.3.1.).

The type and the other specimens of in NHRS are not related to (Fabricius), but belong to a different population of (Forster) probably endemic to the island. Dahlbom (1845, 1854) descriptions are clear and this species is easily identifiable by the typical shape of the metanotal protrusion, which is deeply bilobed (“postscutelli processus emarginatus”). All the specimens from Rhodes show this special feature, and for this reason we consider this isolated population as a possible valid subspecies.

(Dahlbom, 1845).

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 33

Plate 33.

Dahlbom, 1845, holotype. A Habitus, lateral view B mesonotum and metanotum, dorsal view C head, frontal view.

:

Greece: Rhodes.

[Rhodus] [Hedb.] [NHRS-HEVA000001130].

is related to Fabricius. Linsenmaier (1997a: 287, 1997b: 134, 1999: 254) confused the two species described by Dahlbom from Rhodes (wesmaeli and westermanni), and proposed the wrong combination instead of . According to Linsenmaier (1997b), this subspecies is more distributed along the coast of the Mediterranean basin.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Missing types

During the revisional work in the general collection, the following types were not found, which should be deposited at the NHRS according to the literature.

Dahlbom, 1845

:

Type locality.

unknown.

Remarks.

Dahlbom (1845) based the description of on a specimen related to Dahlbom, 1854, as written by the same author (Dahlbom 1854: 271). Since the locality is unknown and many subspecies of have been described in the Mediterranean countries, it is impossible to comment this name.

Dahlbom, 1845

Plate 34

Plate 34.

Dahlbom, neotype. A Habitus, dorsal view B head, frontal view C head and mesosoma, dorsal view D mesosoma, lateral view E metasoma, dorsal view F second and third metasomal tergites, dorso-lateral view.

:

Turkey: “Bosfor”.

Neotype

(here designated) ♂: [] [Roveredo 28.8.46] [♂ D. det. Lins.] [NML_ENT GBIF_Chr 00038702] deposited at NMLS.

is one of the most common species in Europe. It was described from Turkey (Bosfor), but the type is lost. In the general collection we could only find two females of collected at Rhodes by Hedenborg. According to Linsenmaier the “typical” is present only in central-, southern Europe and in northern Africa; in the rest of the distributional range, from Greece to central Asia, the subspecies Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1912 is present. is the eastern form with green-coloured males and both sexes coarsely punctuated. Linsenmaier (1959) cited s. str. in North China and Manchuria, but later, in his collection, he identifed all the eastern specimens as . Linsenmaier (1959) did not notice that the typical locality of correspond with the distribution given for .

For this reason a neotype designation of is needed. We could not find any other specimen from Bosphor (Istanbul and adjacent areas), but in Linsenmaier’s collection we found many specimens collected in western Turkey, both on the European and the Asiatic side. The closest localities are Edirne (on the European side) and Ayvalik (on the Asiatic side). Even if it is not required for a neotype designation, Ayvalik is a seaside town on the northwestern Aegean coast of Turkey, it is possible that Hedenborg visited this town moving from Rhodes or Egypt to Istanbul. In fact Hedenborg was the medical doctor of the Swedish Embassy at Istanbul, and not only a famous naturalist who published different papers on his journeys in Rhodes and Egypt.

However, since the name PageBreak is in prevailing use for the identification of the western European specimens for the last 100 years, we prefer to designate a neotype based on one specimen collected in central Europe, rather than on a specimen collected nearby the typical locality. If we designate a neotype on an eastern Mediterranean species, the name would fall in synonymy with and the western subspecies would be named: Förster, 1853, which is the first available name. Moreover, if future examinations made with the help of molecular techniques will demonstrate that western and the eastern subspecies (sensu Linsenmaier) are separated and valid species, the valid name for in Europe would become Förster, a name never used after the description given by Förster. In addition, the type of Förster is lost, and we could not check that it is truly the first available name for the western form of . By designating a western European specimen, we keep the stability of name use. Therefore, the male specimen collected in Swtizerland at Roveredo on the 28th of August 1948 by Linsenmaier (NML_ENT GBIF_Chr 00038702) is selected, housed in the Linsenmaier collection at the NMLS.

Current status.

Dahlbom, 1845.

Dahlbom, 1845

:

“Bosfor, Hedenborg”.

Móczár (1998b: 511) designated the neotype of Dahlbom on a female specimen collected by Houska in Palestina and deposited at the HNHM.

Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1909 (replacement name for Dahlbom, 1845).

Specimens labelled as types but never described

In the general collection at the NHRS there is a specimen labelled: [J. Klapperich Sarekanda, 4100m 28.7.53, Gebirge Badakschan NO – Afghanistan] [ n.sp ♀ Holotypus] . This species was never described by Balthasar and it belongs to the group, subgroup.

Conclusions

The study of the type material by Dahlbom is fundamental to further knowledge on the European and western Palaearctic fauna. While studying his works, some interesting observations on types were found that were overlooked in recent revisions, probably because they were written in Latin. After reading Dahlbom’s main works (1845, 1854), we concluded that there is no correspondence between many descriptions and the current interpretation of the species. For this reason and in preparation of the volume on the Italian Fauna, a revisional work on the European types at the most important museums has been initiated by the first author (Rosa 2009; Paukkunen et al. 2014; Rosa and Xu 2015; Rosa et al. 2015), with multiple discoveries at different museums.

During the study of the type specimens housed in the NHRS, 72 types belonging to 53 taxa were examined. Some nomenclatural and taxonomic changes are proposed. Moreover, in contrast to the catalogue of the of the world (Kimsey and Bohart 1991), we found that two additional holotypes are deposited at the NHRS ( Dahlbom, 1854 and Dahlbom, 1850); three syntypes belonging to two species are deposited at the NHRS ( Dahlbom, 1854 and Dahlbom, 1854); and four holotypes and two syntypes are deposited at the NHRS and not at the MZLU or at the NMPC ( Balthasar, 1957, Balthasar, 1957, Dahlbom, 1845, Cameron, 1910, Dahlbom, 1854).