Parachironomus lenz from china and Japan (Diptera, chironomidae).

Members of the genus Parachironomus Lenz known from China and Japan are revised, and a key to their male adults is given. Parachironomuspoyangensis sp. n. is described in this life stage. Parachironomusfrequens (Johannsen) and Parachironomusmonochromus (van der Wulp) are recorded from China for the first time, thus are redescribed from Chinese specimens. Parachironomuskamaabeus Sasa & Tanaka and Parachironomustoneabeus Sasa & Tanaka are new junior synonyms of Parachironomusfrequens. Three Chinese or Japanese species formerly placed in Parachironomus are transferred to other genera, resulting in the new combinations Cryptochironomusinafegeus (Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki), Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) lobus (Yan, Sæther, Jin & Wang), and Microchironomuslacteipennis (Kieffer). Chironomussauteri Kieffer, Parachironomuskisobilobalis Sasa & Kondo and Parachironomuskuramaexpandus Sasa are removed from Parachironomus; the last of these three denotes a valid species of uncertain generic placement, the first two are nomina dubia.

Introduction

The name was proposed by Lenz (1921) for a genus concept based on larval and pupal characters. Edwards (1929) gave the first brief diagnosis for male imagines. Townes (1945) treated Nearctic species which are now considered as in “”, but his classification and nomenclature of were very different from those in use today (e.g. Cranston et al. 1989; Makarchenko et al. 2006; Sæther and Spies 2013). However, Townes’ designation of Kieffer, 1915 as the type of has been accepted as formally valid, even though the taxonomic identity of that species is uncertain ( Kieffer is a nomen dubium). Among the known genera in the group, the genus is closer to Lenz (1941); it is distinguished from the later in having long superior volsella with 2–3 distal setae usually arising from distinct pits, inferior volsella with blunt or pointed caudal projection, while in usually no the setal pits of superior volsella and inferior volsella reduced or absent.

Freeman and Cranston (1980) synonymized Kieffer, 1921 and Kieffer, 1921 under Lenz, 1921. However, Spies and Sæther (2004) showed that any name available from Kieffer (1921b, published in June) would take precedence over any name available from Lenz (1921, October). In this situation, using as a valid name could comply with the current rules of nomenclature (ICZN 1999) only if a special ICZN ruling were to effect an exemption from priority in this case, or if and are no longer treated as synonymous with . The latter classification has been adopted by Sæther and Spies (2013), and is followed here.

Lehmann (1970) revised 17 European species and gave a generic diagnosis and key to species. Spies et al. (1994) revised members of the genus from the Neotropical Region, and modified the generic definition. Later, (Edwards, 1931) was split in three species: Paggi, 1977, (Edwards), and Spies (Spies 2008). Spies (2000) studied the Palaearctic (van der Wulp) and the Holarctic (Malloch) in all stages, and presented a provisional key to adult males from Nearctic Region.

Hashimoto et al. (1981) placed six species from Thailand in PageBreak: (Kieffer), Hashimoto, Hashimoto, Hashimoto, (Kieffer), and Hashimoto). However, if the partially incomplete published descriptions are correct, then all of these forms except possibly obviously fall outside of the current diagnosis of . Moreover, the corresponding material is either lost or inaccessible. Under these circumstances, no species proposed in Hashimoto et al. (1981) is treated as valid in in the present work. Maheshwari and Agarwal (1993) published a from India, but insufficient description and inaccessible type material (M. Spies, pers. comm.) render this yet another nomen dubium in . Kikuchi and Sasa (1990) described a from Indonesia, but several hypopygial features of that species clearly rule out placement in . Kieffer and Kieffer were listed in by Sublette and Sublette (1973), along with Johannsen. However, the assignment of genus names used in that work does not match that of today (for example, “” included Kieffer). Moreover, the original description of treats the adult female only; thus the name could not possibly be interpreted by Sublette and Sublette or any recent author without examination of the syntypes (at SDEI, Müncheberg, Germany).

Makarchenko et al. (2005) listed nine species from the Russian Far East: (Staeger), (Townes), (Johannsen), (Kieffer) [sub (Goetghebuer)]. (van der Wulp), Brundin, (Walker), Zorina), and (Goetghebuer); Zorina in Makarchenko et al. (2006) keyed eight of these species but omitted .

From 1985–2001, Sasa and various co-authors, and Kobayashi and Suzuki (1999) recorded 11 species from Japan: (Kieffer) [sub (Goetghebuer)], Sasa, Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki, Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki, Sasa & Tanaka, Sasa & Kondo, Sasa, (van der Wulp), (Sasa), Sasa & Tanaka, and Sasa & Tanaka). Yamamoto (2010) keyed 7 species from Japan: , [sub ], , , , (Kruseman) (which might also be (Kruseman) or an unnamed species), and (this belongs to Jackson; M. Spies, pers. comm.). Based on the present examinations, only fpur or five true species appear to be known from Japan: (Johannsen), (Kieffer), (van der Wulp), and (Kruseman); (Goetghebuer) is only provisionally placed in the genus at this time.

Wang et al. (1977) recorded Goetghebuer, 1919 (= (Kieffer, 1918)) and Johannsen from Hubei Province, China. Wang (2000) listed both species in the genus . However, Johannsen has been treated as a synonym of (Kieffer) since Sæther (1977). Wang and Ji (2003) recorded (= ) in Oriental China (Fujian Province). In addition, Wang (2000) recorded (Goetghebuer) from Tianjin, but upon rechecking the specimen we are correcting that identification to . Yan, Sæther, Jin & Wang was recorded by Yan et al. (2008b) from Hainan Province. According to an examination of type specimens by M. Spies, the species should be placed in the genus .

Based on the known descriptions and material from China and Japan, the genus is reviewed, and one new species is described in the adult male stage. A key to adult males from China and Japan is provided.

Material and methods

The material examined was mounted on slides following the procedure outlined by Sæther (1969). The morphological nomenclature follows Sæther (1980) with the additions and corrections given by Sæther (1990). Measurements are given as ranges followed by the mean when more than three specimens were measured, followed by the number measured (n) in parentheses.

Type material studied is housed in the following institutions: Wang collection, Department of Biology, Life Science College, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (BDN); Sasa collection, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan (NSM).

Species in

(Johannsen)

Figs 1–4

Figures 1–4.

(Johannsen), Chinese specimens. 1 Legs a front leg b mid leg c hind leg 2 Wing 3 Dorsal view of hypopygium 4 Ventral view of hypopygium.

Johannsen, 1905: 230. –

Goetghebuer, 1921b: 168.

Kieffer, 1921d: 66.

(Johannsen). –

(Johannsen). –

Sasa & Tanaka, 1999: 38,

Sasa & Tanaka, 2001: 45,

Material examined.

CHINA: 1 male, Hebei Province, Zunhua City, Dongling, Longmenkou Reservoir, 7. vii. 2001, Y. Guo; 1 male, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Yiliang County, 2. vi. 1996, X. Wang; 1 male, Xizang Autonomous Region, Nyalam County, Zhangmu Town, 2400 m, a. s. l., 16. viii. 1987, light trap, C. Deng.

JAPAN: Holotype of Sasa & Tanaka, 2001 (No. 391: 45), male, Gunma Prefecture, Tone River, Taisho Bridge, light trap, 1. vii. 1999. -Paratype of Sasa & Tanaka, 2001 (No. 391: 47), male, Gunma Prefecture, Tone River, Taisho Bridge, light trap, 3. vii. 1999.

Diagnostic characters.

The species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: mid and hind legs with dark brown rings, tergite IX with shoulder-like caudal margin; basal half of anal point with lateral setae, superior volsella finger-like.

Redescription

(Chinese specimens). Male imago (n=3, unless otherwise stated). Total length 4.15–4.70, 4.46 mm. Wing length 1.98–2.54, 2.33 mm. Total length / wing length 1.78–2.10, 1.93. Wing length / length of profemur 2.20–2.47, 2.37.

Coloration. Thorax yellowish green to yellowish brown. Femora and tibiae of front legs yellowish green with distal 1/3 of tibiae and tarsi I dark brown, tarsi II with distal dark brown rings, tarsi III–V dark brown; femora and tibiae of mid and hind legs yellowish green, tarsi I, II of mid legs and tarsi I–III of hind legs pale with distal dark brown rings, tarsi III–V of mid legs and tarsi IV, V of hind legs completely dark brown (Fig. 1). Abdomen yellowish green to yellowish brown.

Head. AR 2.66–2.86, 2.79. Terminal flagellomere 850–1030, 960 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Temporal setae 16–17, 17, including 3–4, 4 inner verticals, 7–9, 8 outer verticals and 5–6, 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 19–26, 22 setae. Tentorium 100–150, 133 mm long, 40–50, 47 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 37–55, 47; 55–68, 59; 145–220, 184; 160–213, 181; 178–338, 255. Length ratio 5th /3rd palpomere 0.95–1.71, 1.40.

Thorax. Antepronotals 3–5 (2), acrostichals 5–9 (2), dorsocentrals 10–12 (2), prealars 5–9 (2). Scutellum with 18–20 (2) setae.

Wing (Fig. 2). VR 1.16–1.18, 1.17. R with 20–25, 22 setae, R1 with 20–21, 21 setae, R4+5 with 22–26, 24 setae. Brachiolum with 3–4, 3 setae. Squama with 13 setae.

Legs. Front tibia with 3 subapical setae, 110 (1), 138–140 (2) and 150 (2) µm long; spurs of mid tibia 28–48, 36 and 33–50, 41 µm long, comb with 40–56, 47 teeth, 10–15, 12 µm long; spurs of hind tibia 33–55, 42 and 42–75, 56 µm long, comb with 56–68, 62 teeth, 10–15, 12 µm long. Tarsus 1 of mid leg with 22 sensilla chaetica, hind legs without sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 1.

Table 1.

Lengths (µm) and proportions of adult male legs in (Johannsen), (n=3).

	fe	ti	ta1	ta2	ta3	ta4	ta5	LR
p1	900–1030, 980	800–960, 893	1080–1250 (2)	550–650 (2)	420–500 (2)	330–390 (2)	150–200 (2)	1.30–1.35 (2)
p2	1030–1150, 1043	850–1060, 970	460–570, 523	280–350, 323	220–290, 260	150–190, 170	100–130, 116	0.54
p3	1060–1300, 1183	1100–1350, 1242	670–820, 757	440–550, 500	350–440, 400	220–270, 243	120–160, 140	0.61

Hypopygium (Figs 3, 4). Laterosternite IX with 7–8 (2) setae. Anal tergite bands Y-shaped, fading far apart medially. Tergite IX with shoulder-like margin, bearing 2 setae at base of anal point. Anal point originating from caudal margin of anal tergite, bearing 14–22, 17 lateral setae in basal half, widened at base, constricted medially, slightly swollen apically, 130–155, 143 mm long, 30–35 (2) mm wide at base, 8–12 (2) mm wide in middle, 14–15 (2) mm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 40–50, 46 mm long. Phallapodeme 95–118, 107 mm long. Superior volsella slightly curved, finger-like, slender distally, with an apical seta and a proximal lateral seta, both not arising in conspicuous pits. Inferior volsella with a moderately pointed caudal projection, covered with microtrichia, and reaching beyond anal tergite margin. Gonocoxite 148–175, 158 mm long, with 4–5 (2) strong medial setae. Gonostylus 230–275, 256 mm long with apical hook (2), slightly swollen at base, parallel-sided medially, curved distally, bearing 9–10 (2) setae along the basal inner margin and 12–14 (2) setae along the distal inner margin. HR 0.58–0.64, 0.62; HV 1.64–1.80, 1.74.

Distribution.

Holarctic (Sæther and Spies 2013). The species is also known from Japan and China; the record for China is new.

Remarks.

Sasa and Tanaka (1999) described from Japan based on material collected at Kamakura Bridge, Ino River, Gunma Prefecture on 21 August 1998. The sample number was given as “391: 45–47”. Sasa and Tanaka (2001) proposed according to material collected at Taisho Bridge, Tone River, Gunma Prefecture on 1 July 1999. However, the number of the specimen is also “391: 45–47”. Based on the type specimens and the original descriptions and figures, we place both and as new junior synonyms of (Johannsen), due to distinct matches in leg color, shapes of the anal point, superior volsella and gonostylus, and the shoulder-like tergite IX margin.

(Kieffer)

Figs 5–7

Figures 5–7.

(Kieffer), Chinese specimens. 5 Wing 6 Dorsal view of hypopygium 7 Ventral view of hypopygium.

Kieffer, 1918: 49. –

Goetghebuer, 1919: 66. –

(Kieffer). –

(Goetghebuer). –

(Goetghebuer). – Goetghebuer (1937 in

(Kieffer). –

(Goetghebuer). –

CHINA: 9 males, Tianjin City, Campus of Nankai University, 9 males, 12, 16. iv. 1985; 15. v. 1985; 20. iv. 1986, X. Wang; 1 male, Tianjin City, Shuanglin Farm, 20. vi. 1985, X. Wang; 1 male, Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao City, 1 male, vi. 1985, X. Wang; Hebei Province, Chicheng County, Yunzhou Reservoir, 21. vii. 2001, sweep net, Y. Guo and Y. Du. 1 male, Neimenggu Autonomous Region, Wuliangsuhai Lake, v. 1982, X. Wang; 1 male, Neimenggu Autonomous Region, Alashan League, Bayin, 30. vii. 1987, X. Wang; 1 male, Liaoning Province, Shenyang PageBreakCity, 27. viii. 1990, J. Wang; 1 male, Jiangxi Province, Poyanghu Lake, Nanjishan, 12. vi. 2004, Sweep net, C. Yan. 1 male, Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Dianchi Lake, 23. v. 1986, X. Wang; 1 male, Yunnan Province, Lijiang City, School of Agriculture Reservoir, 2400 m a.s.l., 28. v. 1996, X. Wang.

The species can be identified by the following combination of characters: anal point moderately narrow; frontal tubercles present; superior volsella bearing two apical setae, short cylindrical, often appearing more or less contracted, and with folds on inner margin; gonostylus with constriction at approximately mid-length.

The species is widely distributed in the Palaearctic and extends into the Oriental Region (Sæther and Spies 2013). It occurs in China and Japan.

The synonymy between and was accepted in the past already (e.g. by Goetghebuer 1921a, Lenz 1938); thus we do not present it as a ‘new synonymy’ here. The holotype of Kieffer (at SDEI) and non-type specimens identified as by Kruseman (1933) have been examined by M. Spies, and found to be conspecific beyond any doubt (M. Spies, pers. comm.).

(van der Wulp)

Figs 8–10

Figures 8–10.

(van der Wulp), Chinese specimens. 8 Wing 9 Dorsal view of hypopygium 10 Ventral view of hypopygium.

van der Wulp, 1859: 5 (primary homonym of

van der Wulp, 1875: 129 (replacement name for

Edwards, 1929: 389.

(van der Wulp). –

(

(van der Wulp). –

CHINA: 8 males, Tianjin City, Campus of Nankai University, 8 males, 12, 16. iv. 1985; 20. iv. 1986, X. Wang; 1 male, Hebei Province, Weichang County, Jixielinchang, 15. vii. 2001, sweep net, Y. Guo.

The species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: anal tergite with distinct cluster of enlarged posterodorsal setae; anal point basal section intergrading with anal tergite, distal part strongly angled to ventral; superior volsella without apical or posterolateral projection; inferior volsella with lobe at least to median; gonostylus mostly slender, slightly curved, with distal widening to dorsal peaking around 2/3 of gonostylus length (excerpt from Spies 2000: 129).

(Chinese specimens). Male imago (n=9, unless otherwise stated). Total length 2.58–3.83, 3.38 mm. Wing length 1.30–1.98, 1.80 (8) mm. Total length/wing length 1.80–1.98, 1.88 (8). Wing length/length of profemur 2.28–2.57, 2.48 (8).

Coloration. Thorax yellowish green to dark brown. Front legs with femora yellowish green to dark brown, tibiae and tarsi dark brown except for tarsi I yellowish green in basal 4/5; mid and hind legs yellowish green to yellowish brown except for tarsi V dark brown. Abdomen yellowish green to dark brown.

Head. AR 1.86–2.27, 2.12. Terminal flagellomere 540–720, 673 µm long. Frontal tubercles absent (7) or present (2), cone-shaped, 15–22 µm high, 12–22 µm wide at base. Temporal setae 18–22, 20, including 5–7, 6 inner verticals, 7–8, 8 outer verticals, and 5–8, 6 postorbitals. Clypeus with 14–20, 17 (8) setae. Tentorium 100–133, 120 µm long, 18–43, 33 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 30–50, 40; 35–58, 51; 103–133, 110; 130–180, 153 (8); 178–220, 201 (8). Length ratio 5th/3rd palpomere 1.21–1.73, 1.58 (8).

Thorax. Antepronotals 2–5, 3 (8), acrostichals 10–14, 12 (8), dorsocentrals 8–14, 11, prealars 4–6, 5 (8). Scutellum with 6–10, 8 (7) setae.

Wing (Fig. 8). VR 1.11–1.17, 1.15 (8), R with 16–27, 20 (8) setae, R1 with 10–17, 13 (8) setae, R4+5 with 21–29, 26 (8) setae. Brachiolum with 2–3, 2 (8) setae. Squama with 7–16, 12 (8) setae.

Legs. Front tibia with 3 subapical setae, 90–130, 104 (7), 98–133, 118 (6) and 120–138, 126 (3) µm long; spurs of mid tibia 24–33, 28 µm and 28–35, 31 µm long, comb with 30–42, 35 teeth, 10–12, 11 µm long; spurs of hind tibia 26–33, 31 µm and 28–35, 33 µm long, comb with 45–52, 48 teeth, 10–13, 12 µm long. Tarsus 1 of mid leg with 4–7, 6 (8) sensilla chaetica, hind leg without sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 2.

Table 2.

Lengths (µm) and proportions of adult male legs in (van der Wulp) (n=9).

	fe	ti	ta1	ta2	ta3	ta4	ta5	LR
p1	570–790, 727	420–620, 576	670–930, 863 (6)	340–460, 432 (6)	270–370, 342 (6)	210–270, 247 (6)	110–140, 133 (6)	1.45–1.64, 1.55 (6)
p2	550–780, 728	480–710, 640	260–360, 326 (8)	140–310, 198 (8)	100–160, 140 (8)	70–110, 98 (8)	60–90, 85 (8)	0.44–0.54, 0.52 (8)
p3	620–890, 818	610–950, 849	410–630, 557 (6)	210–350, 312 (6)	180–270, 247 (6)	110–150, 143 (6)	80–110, 104 (6)	0.66–0.70, 0.67 (6)

Hypopygium (Figs 9, 10). Laterosternite IX with 2–3, 2 (8) setae. Anal tergite bands short, fading far apart medially. Tergite IX with 16–30, 21 (8) setae at base of anal point. Anal point 35–55, 48 (7) µm long, its base intergrading with conical tip of anal tergite; distal bare part narrow. Transverse sternapodeme 37–60, 52 (8) µm long. Phallapodeme 60–83, 73 (8) µm long. Superior volsella slightly curved, 70–95, 84 µm long, 13–25, 19 µm wide at base, 6–8, 7 µm wide in middle, 12–17, 15 µm wide at apex, without conspicuous apicolateral projection; median pit smaller than distal distinct pit and positioned a little proximal. Inferior volsella blunt with a low projection to posterior, not pointed, not reaching beyond anal tergite margin, and covered by microtrichia. Gonocoxite 88–118, 107 µm long, with 3–4, 3 strong medial setae. Gonostylus 158–213, 187 µm long, slender, curved and parallel-sided, with distinct expansion in distal 1/3, bearing 4–7, 6 (8) setae along distal inner margin. HR 0.49–0.68, 0.59, HV 1.63–2.01, 1.80.

Palaearctic (Spies 2000). It also is recorded from Palaearctic China and Japan. The record for China is new.

sp. n.

http://zoobank.org/1E9205DA-EB68-420E-9EFC-7D45A851E307

Figs 11–13

Figures 11–13.

sp. n. 11 Wing 12 Dorsal view of hypopygium 13 Ventral view of hypopygium.

Etymology.

Named after the type locality. The species epithet is adjectival for the purposes of nomenclature.

Type material.

Holotype male (BDN No. 21987). CHINA: Jiangxi Province, Poyanghu Lake, Nanjishan Natural Conservation area, 12. vi. 2004, sweep net, C. Yan. Paratypes: 2 males, data same as holotype.

The new species is distinguished by the following combination of characters: body size small, thorax and abdomen yellowish green, wing cells without setae, mid and hind tibiae each with single spur, anal point nearly parallel-sided, superior volsella elongate digitiform, without distal swelling or projection, gonostylus nearly straight and of about even circumference throughout.

Description.

Male imago (n=3). Total length 2.25–2.32, 2.28 mm. Wing length 1.08–1.11, 1.10 mm. Total length / wing length 2.08–2.09, 2.09. Wing length / length of profemur 2.20–2.30, 2.25.

Coloration. Thorax yellowish green. Femora of front legs yellowish green with distal parts brown, tibiae and tarsomeres dark brown; mid and hind legs yellowish green with tarsomeres IV, V dark brown. Abdomen yellowish green.

Head. AR 1.76–1.84, 1.80. Terminal flagellomere 450–470, 462 mm long. Frontal tubercles absent. Temporal setae 11–13, 12, including 3 inner verticals, 3–4, 3 outer verticals and 5–6, 5 postorbitals. Clypeus with 15–18, 17 setae. Tentorium 90–95, 92 mm long, 25–26, 25 mm wide. Palpomere lengths (in mm): 25–27, 26; 30–32, 31; 83–85, 84; 98–104, 100; 145–156, 151. Length ratio 5th /3rd palpomere 1.75–1.78, 1.77.

Thorax. Antepronotals 3–4, 3; acrostichals 8–9, 9; dorsocentrals 10–12, 11; prealars 3. Scutellum with 5–6, 5 setae.

Wing (Fig. 11). VR 1.15–1.17, 1.16. Cell surfaces without setae. R with 11–13, 12 setae, R1 with 8–9, 8 setae, R4+5 with 17–18, 17 setae. Brachiolum with 2 setae. Squama with 10–12, 11 setae.

Legs. Front tibia with 2 subapical setae, 108–110, 109 and 118–130, 126 µm long, mid and hind tibiae each with a single spur, spur of middle tibia 20–22, 21 µm long, comb with 28–30, 31 teeth, 10 µm long; spur of hind tibia 28–30, 29 µm long, comb with 42–46, 44 teeth, 10–12, 11 µm long. Tarsus 1 of mid leg with 6–7, 7 sensilla chaetica, hind leg without sensilla chaetica. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of legs as in Table 3.

Table 3.

Lengths (µm) and proportions of adult male legs in sp. n. (n=3).

	fe	ti	ta1	ta2	ta3	ta4	ta5	LR
p1	470–500, 490	310–330, 320	540–560, 550	340-380, 360	230–250, 243	160–180, 166	90–100, 93	1.69–1.74, 1.71
p2	440–470, 456	350–380, 363	220–250, 233	120–140, 130	110–130, 120	70–80, 73	50–70, 60	0.63–0.66, 0.65
p3	480–530, 503	490–520, 506	340–370, 353	200–220, 210	170–200, 183	100–130, 113	70–80, 73	0.70–0.74, 0.72

Hypopygium (Figs 12, 13). Laterosternite IX with 3–4, 3 setae. Anal tergite bands V-shaped. Tergite IX with conical posterior margin, bearing 13–15, 14 setae at base of anal point. Anal point originating from caudal margin of anal tergite, parallel-sided, slightly pointed apically, 50–55, 52 mm long, 6–8, 7 mm wide at base, 4–5, 4 mm wide at apex. Transverse sternapodeme 27–32, 30 mm long. Phallapodeme 45–48, 46 mm long. Superior volsella straight, columnar, distal parts not widened, with an apical seta and a subapical seta, both arising from distinct setal pits. Inferior volsella with a moderately blunt caudal projection, not reaching beyond caudal margin of anal tergite. Gonocoxite 75–80, 77 mm long, with 3–4, 3 strong medial setae. Gonostylus 112–115, 113 mm long, parallel-sided, curved distally, bearing 8–10, 9 setae along distal inner margin. HR 0.65–0.70, 0.67; HV 1.96–2.02, 1.99.

The species is known only from the type locality in Oriental China.

Species removed from

(Kieffer) comb. n.

Kieffer, 1921a: 183.

(Kieffer) –

Remarks.

Kieffer (1921a) described the species in the genus , which at that time included many species now treated in several separate genera. Sublette and Sublette (1973) placed it in . Based on the original description, which describes the inferior volsella as absent, the superior volsella as long and slender, the gonocoxite straight in the proximal 1/3, curved in the distal 2/3, distally attenuated and terminating in an incurved hooklet, clearly belongs to and not to . The placement by Sublette and Sublette (1973), and the earlier one in “” by Kruseman (1939), likely are due to the fact that those authors did not treat as a separate genus.

Distribution.

The species is recorded from Taiwan Province (Oriental China).

Kieffer nomen dubium

Kieffer, 1921c: 583. –

(Kieffer). –

(Kieffer). –

Kieffer (1921c) described the species based on females only, and without figures. Tokunaga (1940) described males and females from Taiwan Province, but illustrated only the male superior volsella. Sublette and Sublette (1973) transferred the species to “”, but their use of this genus name was different from that of today (i.e., included Kieffer). Sasa (1989) examined Tokunaga’s specimens and considered them as belonging to either or , but suggested that the status and placement of should be reserved for future clarification. We agree with Sasa’s opinion, but have been unable to examine any of the syntypes; therefore, the species is not included in the present key.

The species is known from Taiwan Province (Oriental China).

Sasa & Kondo nomen dubium

Sasa & Kondo, 1994: 129. –

Material examined.

JAPAN: Holotype of Sasa & Kondo, 1994 (No. A 224: 49), male, Aichi Prefecture, Kiso River in dammed-up middle reach near Nagoya City, “emerged from a sample”, 26. ii. 1992.

We have examined the holotype, but it was lacking the thorax, head except for antenna, tarsi of front legs, and half of the hypopygium. As the preserved parts do not suffice for placement of the species, we treat as a nomen dubium. In any case, the original description calling the superior volsella “rod-like, with one apical seta and 4 short setae along inner margin” and the inferior volsella “semicircular, with 4 short marginal setae” (Sasa and Kondo 1994: 129; see also Figs 5i–5m) rules out that the species belongs to .

The species has been recorded only from the type in a Palaearctic part of Japan.

Discussion

Among the many species previously reported in from Japan, only , , , , and possibly (Original genus is ) are considered as valid records. Aside from the species treated in the present work, Sasa has been transferred to the genus (Yan et al. 2008b); Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki, 2001 has been identified as a junior synonym of Sasa & Suzuki (Yan et al. 2008b). Sasa, Kitami & Suzuki should be transferred to because of the prominent frontal tubercles, both superior and inferior volsellas carry long setae, the inferior volsella is completely covered by the superior volsella, and the gonostylus is short, rather broad and fused with the gonocoxite. (Sasa) was returned to by Yan et al. (2008a), but the holotype (examined by M. Spies) and the published descriptions clearly show it to be a member of (as recognized earlier, e.g. by Laville and Reiss 1988 and Makarchenko et al. 2006). Sasa & Tanaka is a junior synonym of (Townes) (Kobayashi 2007). Sasa (examined by M. Spies) probably belongs to an undescribed genus near , but definitely not to .

Based on examination of the holotype and paratype of Yan, Sæther, Jin & Wang by M. Spies, is related to , but conclusive placement would require knowledge of the immature stages. The end of the superior volsella looks less expanded than in . For the moment we propose the new combination and try to find at least the pupa of this species for further comparison with and other congeners.

1	Tergite IX with shoulder-like caudal margin	2
–	Tergite IX with triangle caudal margin	4
2	Gonostylus with distinct expansion basally; anal point parallel-sided	Parachironomus acutus (Goetghebuer)
–	Gonostylus without distinct expansion basally or parallel-sided; anal point not parallel-sided	3
3	Anal point with constriction proximal of apical swelling; gonostylus with constriction in middle	Parachironomus frequens (Johannsen)
–	Anal point pointed; gonostylus parallel-sided	Parachironomus swammerdami (Kruseman)
4	Gonostylus with distinct widening in distal 1/3; superior volsella slightly curved, swollen distally	Parachironomus monochromus (van der Wulp)
–	Gonostylus widened basally or parallel-sided; superior volsella straightly, finger-like	5
5	Frontal tubercles absent; mid and hind tibiae each with 1 spur; gonostylus parallel-sided	Parachironomus poyangensis sp. n.
–	Frontal tubercles present; mid and hind tibiae each with 2 spurs; gonostylus widened basally	Parachironomus gracilior (Kieffer)