Annotated type catalogue of land snails collected from Taiwan (Formosa) in the Natural History Museum, London.

The present catalogue lists the type specimens of land snail species, collected from Taiwan and deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. Thirty-seven nominal species described by Pfeiffer, Adams, Nevill, Moellendorff, Godwin-Austen and Gude were traced. I present here information on type status, collection data obtained from the registers and labels of each collection, and annotations on the current taxonomic affiliation. Lectotypes of 28 nominal (sub)species were newly designated. One holotype was fixed originally and two holotypes newly fixed by monotypy. Syntypes of two species and paralectotypes of three species were also discovered in the Museum. No specimen of the species Pupina adamsi Sowerby, 1878, which was supposed to be deposited in the NHM, was found. Pictures of the name-bearing types are provided for further research on biodiversity of the island.

Introduction

Taxonomic research on historic collections is essential for the modern study of taxonomy and biodiversity. Current taxonomic studies using morphological or molecular methods, e.g., Barcode of Life (Hebert et al. 2003), are among the important issues of organismal, as well as ecological and genetic diversity. However, these attempts will not achieve practical results without a correct identification of species. The most common challenge in current studies of land snail biodiversity in Taiwan is that the sampled specimens cannot be identified correctly and confidently, especially within microsnail taxa such as the diplommatinids. Researchers face similar problems concerning large snail groups such as the clausiliids (Hwang 2005). This situation is mainly due to a lack of type specimens for comparisons since most of the historic types are deposited abroad. The oversimplified descriptions and imprecise illustrations in the original publications from the 19th and early 20th centuries are not practical for modern research. Before complete systematic revisions of each group are possible, concise and updated reports on these types are urgently needed for biodiversity studies in Taiwan. Most of the types collected from Taiwan and deposited in the Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main have been reported and photographed in a series of publications by Zilch (e.g., 1953, 1966a, 1966b, 1968). Types described in the 1940s and deposited in the Nishinomiya Shell Museum, Japan, have been catalogued and photographed by Habe and Inaba (1996), Ohara and Otani (2002) and Hwang et al. (2008). Determinations of Taiwanese holotypes and lectotypes deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, U.S.A., were accomplished by Baker (1963, 1964).

The Natural History Museum of London contains many specimens collected in Taiwan (Formosa). A major portion of these are housed in the type series which were previously in the collection of H. Cuming and H. Adams (Adams 1866; Pfeiffer 1866; Gray 1868). Most of these collections from the island were assembled by R. Swinhoe, a British consul and a pioneer of the study of the natural history in Taiwan (Swinhoe 1864, 1865; Fraser 1865, 1866). Pfeiffer (1866) described 13 species of land snails from Cuming’s collection; H. Adams (1866, 1867, 1870, 1872) described 16 species from the collections of the Natural History Museum of London and his own. Some of the types described by other researchers such as Sowerby (1878), Godwin-Austen (1907) and Gude (1907), who worked in or with the NHM, are also deposited in the NHM. These type lots have not been re-examined and catalogued since their original publication. The present report provides the first catalogue and photographs of these type specimens.

Methods

In preparing this catalogue, type specimens were recognized and verified by comparing information on the specimen labels, the original descriptions, NHM registers and curatorial records of the Mollusca Section, Natural History Museum, London.

The type specimens are listed using modern classifications (Vaught 1989; Bouchet and Rocroi 2005; Hsieh et al. 2013). The collection data obtained from the registers and labels of each collection is provided. The publication dates of those names described in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London are corrected according to Duncan (1937). Taxonomic annotations are made when required. Photographs of the types are provided when they have not previously been presented. Type localities are cited as in original descriptions. The modern locality names in Hanyu Pinyin Romanisation are provided in brackets. Dimensions of shells are given as: shell height × shell width. An updated and detailed description of these type materials will be presented elsewhere in systematic studies of their respective groups.

Institutional abbreviations

NHM, Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (NHM registered specimens are cited as NHMUK); ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, U.S.A.; SMF, Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Results

I was able to find type specimens of 37 species in the NHM, including all 13 species identified by Pfeiffer (1866) and all 16 by Adams (1866, 1867, 1870, 1872). These specimens are listed in a current taxonomic assignment of nine families including the Cyclophoridae, Diplommatinidae, Pupinidae, Clausiliidae, Streptaxidae, Trochomorphidae, Ariophantidae, Bradybaenidae and Camaenidae. Specimens of Sowerby, 1878, which are supposedly deposited in the NHM, were not found. Types of eight additional species described by Nevill (1881, two species), Moellendorff (1884, one species), Godwin-Austen (1907, two species), Gude (1907, one species) and Rolle (1911, two species) from various collections were found. Lectotypes of 28 species were newly designated. Paralectotypes of three species, the lectotype of each having already been designated, were found. A holotype of one species was fixed by original designation and holotypes of two species have been fixed by monotypy in the present catalogue. Syntypes of two species were discovered, but no lectotypes were designated as more suitable material for lectotype designation may be kept in the museum where the respective author worked.

Specimens from the collections of shell dealers B. Schmacker (Shanghai, China) and Y. Hirase (Kyoto, Japan) were also found. These species were described by Schmacker and Boettger (1891), Pilsbry (1905) and Pilsbry and Hirase (1905–1906, 1909). Boettger and Pilsbry were the major contributors for description and publication. Due to a lack of evidence, e.g. original labels, of proof of examination of these specimens by Boettger and Pilsbry, these materials were excluded from the type series until further evidence can be found.

I noted the following features in the collection. (1) All specimens are cased in boxes having an originally handwritten label glued onto the bottom. The register information, if any, was also written on the bottoms of the cases. A concise locality, usually “Formosa” only, with or without a collector, was provided. (2) Some specimen lots are labelled “TYPE” using ink and handwriting different from the original labels. Such conditions are supposed to be determined as types and written by a curator or later researchers rather than by the original authors. (3) Ten species described by Adams (1866, 1867, 1870, 1872) were deposited in two batches in the NHM. One batch consists of the specimens that Swinhoe presented to the NHM in 1866, being subsequently examined and named by Adams. The other batch is Adams’ own collection purchased by the NHM in 1878 after his death. Since all specimens were examined by Adams, both are considered as being from the type series.

Catalogue

Family CYCLOPHORIDAE

Genus Swainson, 1840

H. Adams, 1870

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Figure 1A

Figure 1.

A H. Adams, 1870, lectotype NHMUK 1871.1.20.9/1 B (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.6/1 C (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.7/10 D (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040584/1 E (Nevill, 1881), possible syntype NHMUK 1891.3.17.790 F (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.8/1 G (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.15/1 H syn. H. Adams, 1872, lectotype NHMUK 1871.1.20.16/1 I (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040589/1 J (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.4/1 K (H. Adams, 1867), lectotype NHMUK 1878.1.28.10/1. Scale bars = 5 mm, unless otherwise specified above the bar.

Cyclotus taivanus H. Adams, 1870: 378–379, pl. 27 figs. 11, 11a.

Type locality.

Taiwan, Formosa [Taiwan Fu = Tainan City and northern Kaohsiung City] (Swinhoe).

Material examined.

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1871.1.20.9/1), new designation, 10.1 × 16.5 mm, whorls 4.5.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1871.1.20.9/2–8, 7 shells). Taiwan, Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.22, 3 shells).

Remarks.

The lot NHMUK 1871.1.20.9 was registered and labelled as “Cyclotus formosensis”, but was later published as . Nine specimens were registered, but only eight were found. The specimen corresponding well in size with the measurement of Adams (1870) is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

Genus Moellendorff, 1890

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 1B

Cyclotus minutus H. Adams, 1866: 318, pl. 33 fig. 10.

Platyrhaphe minutus ,

Takow, Formosa [northern Qi-Jin, Kaohsiung City] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.6/1), new designation, 4.4 × 6.9 mm, whorls 4.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.6/2–3, 2 shells). Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.73, 3 shells).

Adams (1866) described the locality as Takow, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". The specimen corresponding well in size with the measurement of Adams (1866) and having sculptures in good condition is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 1C

Cyclotus swinhoei H. Adams, 1866: 318, pl. 33 fig. 9.

Platyrhaphe swinhoei ,

Takow, Formosa [northern Qi-Jin, Kaohsiung City] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.7/1, new designation, 6.8 × 11.6 mm, whorls 4.5.

Paralectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.7/2, 1 shell). Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.231, 1 shells)

Adams (1866) described the locality as Takow, Formosa. However, this species was not actually collected there. I think Swinhoe and Adams used Takow to designate the area presently known as Kaohsiung City (Wu et al. 2008; also see remarks for (Adams, 1866)). The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Adams (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype.

Genus Moellendorff, 1885

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 1D

Pterocyclos wilsoni Pfeiffer, 1866: 831, pl. 46 fig. 12. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Ptychopoma wilsoni ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040584/1). new designation, 9.4 × 22.5 mm, whorls 5.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040584/2-3, 2 shells).

No specimen corresponds in size with the measurements of Pfeiffer (1866). The largest specimen mostly similar to the illustration in Pfeiffer (1866) is designated as the lectotype.

Genus Kobelt & Moellendorff, 1897

(Nevill, 1881)

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Figure 1E

Alycaeus hungerfordianus Nevill, 1881: 149–150.

Chamalycaeus hungerfordianus ,

Tamsui, Formosa [Danshui, New Taipei City] (Hungerford).

Possible syntypes: Tamsui, Formosa, from collection of Hungerford (NHMUK 1891.3.17.790–791, 2 shells), 2.2–2.5 × 3.6–3.8 mm, whorls 3.75. Also in SMF (Zilch 1957).

It is possible that further syntypes may be housed in the Indian Museum, Kolkata (Calcutta), India, where Nevill worked. Due to the lack of definitive evidence that the two specimens in the NHM were actually examined by Nevill, no lectotype designation has been made in the present article.

Genus Benson, 1859

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 1F

Alycaeus (Dioryx) swinhoei H. Adams, 1866: 318, pl. 33 fig. 11.

Dioryx swinhoei ,

Takow, Formosa [northern Qi-Jin, Kaohsiung City] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.8/1), new designation, 6.0 × 5.5 mm, whorls 4.

Paralectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.8/2, 1 shell).

Adams (1866) described the locality as Takow, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". Also see remarks for (Adams, 1866). The specimen with intact shell is designated as the lectotype.

Family DIPLOMMATINIDAE

Genus Benson, 1849

Nevill, 1881

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Diplommatina hungerfordiana Nevill, 1881: 150.

Kulung, Formosa [should be Keelung, Northern Taiwan] (Hungerford).

Possible syntypes: Formosa, coll. Hungerford (NHMUK 1891.3.17.724–726, 3 shells), 2.76–3.29 × 1.66–1.76 mm, whorls 5.5–6.5. Also in SMF (Zilch 1953, Figure 186).

A photograph of a syntype was provided by Zilch (1953). Also see remarks for (Nevill, 1881).

Family PUPINIDAE

Genus Gray, 1850

H. Adams, 1866

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Figure 1G

Pupinella (Pupinopsis) swinhoei H. Admas, 1866: 318, pl. 32 figs. 12, 12a.

Tamsui, Formosa [Danshui, New Taipei City] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype of . Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.15/1), new designation, 13 × 5.5 mm, whorls 7. (Figure 1G).

Paralectotypes of . Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.15/2-3, 2 shells). Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.58, 3 shells)

Adams (1866) described the locality of as Tamsui, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Adams (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

H. Adams, 1866

H. Adams, 1872

Figure 1H

Pupinopsis morrisonia H. Adams, 1872: 13, pl. 3 fig. 21.

Type locality.

Mount Morrison, Formosa [Mt. Yushan] (Swinhoe).

Material examined.

Lectotype of . South Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1871.1.20.16/1), new designation, 12.5 × 5.3 mm, whorls 6.5. (Figure 1H).

Paralectotypes of . South Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK1871.1.20.16/2, 1 shell). Mt. Morrison, South Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.50, 3 shells).

Remarks.

No specimen corresponds in size with the measurements and illustration of Adams (1872). The specimen similar to the measurements and in the best condition is designated as the lectotype.

Sowerby, 1878

Pupina adamsi Sowerby, 1878: sp. 33, pl. 4 fig. 33.

Isl. Formosa [Taiwan] (ex. Mus. Brit.)

The type specimen of , which was collected from Formosa and has been stated as being deposited in the NHM (Sowerby 1878), was not found.

Family CLAUSILIIDAE

Genus Boettger, 1877

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 1I

Clausilia sheridani Pfeiffer, 1866: 830–831. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Euphaedusa sheridani ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming NHMUK 20040589/1), new designation, 16.0 × 3.5 mm, whorls 10.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040589/2–4, 3 shells; NHMUK 20040589/5, 1 shell, non sheridani).

Pfeiffer (1866) described a variety with a projecting peristome inside, a narrowed aperture and an inconspicuous inferior lamella. Among the five specimens found, two shells are typical sheridani and two shells are of variety. The variations observed in the variety are caused by the thickened callus in the aperture of the fully matured shells. The original description gives a range of shell dimensions.

The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Pfeiffer (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74). The specimen NHMUK 20040589/5 has similar shell dimensions, but it differs from the other four in having a thin and brownish corneous exterior, a shinier surface, finer striation, a less expanded peristome, a non-protruding aperture and a superior lamella not connected to the spiral lamella. This specimen is closely resembles (Benson, 1842) allies but is not a true . Because this specimen was examined by Pfeiffer, it should be included in the type series (ICZN 1999: Art. 72.4, 73.2). This specimen is still designated as a paralectotype.

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 1J

Clausilia (Laciniaria) exilis H. Adams, 1866: 317, pl. 33 fig. 6.

Hemiphaedusa exilis ,

Tamsui, Formosa [Danshui, New Taipei City] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.4/1), new designation, 27.0 × 7.1 mm, whorls 10.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.4/2–3, 2 shells). Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.207, 2 shells).

Adams (1866) described the locality as Tamsui, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". The specimen corresponding well in size with the measurements of H. Adams (1866) is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

(H. Adams, 1867)

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Figure 1K

Clausilia (?)

Hemiphaedusa similaris ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.10/1), new designation, 17.3 × 4.8 mm, whorls 10.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.10/2, 1 shell). Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.3, 3 shells).

None of these type series exactly match with the illustration and measurements in Adams (1867). The specimen in the best condition is here designated as the lectotype.

Genus Blanford, 1872

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 2A

Figure 2.

A (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.5/1 B (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040583/1 C (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.14/1 D (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040584/1 E (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891) syn. Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1713 F (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040580 G (Gude, 1900) syn. Godwin-Austen, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1903.7.1.1714 H (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.10/1 I (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040579. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Clausilia (Phaedusa) formosensis H. Adams, 1866: 317, pl. 33 fig. 7.

Oospira (Formosana) formosensis ,

Takow, Formosa [northern Qi-Jin, Kaohsiung City] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.5/1), new designation, 26.1 × 7.0 mm, whorls 10.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.5/2–3, 2 shells). Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.245, 1 shell).

The specimen corresponding well in size with the measurements of Adams (1866) is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74). Adams (1866) described the locality as Takow, Formosa. This species has recently been recorded by Hsieh et al. (2013) in the Liu-gui and Mei-nong areas in eastern Kaohsiung City, which were visited by Swinhoe during his collection trip through southern Taiwan. This species was unlikely to have been collected in Takow (coastal areas of Kaohsiung City in 1866). Apparently, Swinhoe or Adams used Takow to represent an area approximating present-day Kaohsiung City. The same situation was also observed for the type locality of and .

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 2B

Clausilia swinhoei Pfeiffer, 1866: 830, pl. 46 fig. 11. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Oospira (Formosana) swinhoei ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040583/1), new designation, 35.0 × 8.1 mm, whorls 10.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040583/2–3, 2 shells).

The original description gives a range of shell dimensions. The largest specimen is designated as the lectotype.

Family STREPTAXIDAE

Genus H. Adams, 1866

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 2C

Ennea (Elma) swinhoei H. Adams, 1866: 317–318, pl. 33 fig. 8.

Elma swinhoei ,

Tamsui, Formosa [Danshui, New Taipei City] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.14/1), new designation, 15.7 × 6.1 mm, whorls 9.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.14/2–3, 2 shells). Tamsui, Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.28.30, 3 shells).

The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Adams (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

Family TROCHOMORPHIDAE

Genus Habe, 1955

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 2D

Helix shermani Pfeiffer, 1866: 828, pl. 46 fig. 5. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Videnoida shermani ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040584/1), new designation, 8.7 × 19.3 mm, whorls 7.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040584/2–3, 2 shells).

The largest specimen mostly similar to the illustration in Pfeiffer (1866) is designated as the lectotype.

Family ARIOPHANTIDAE

Genus Godwin-Austen, 1907

(Schmacker & Boettger, 1891)

Godwin-Austen, 1907

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Figure 2E

Macrochlamys (Petalochlamys) formosana var.

South Formosa [southern Taiwan] (Hirase)

Holotype. Southern Formosa, from collection of Hirase (NHMUK 1903.7.1.1713), designated by monotypy, 11.0 × 6.3 mm, whorls 5.5. (Figure 2E).

This name was first recommended by Pilsbry for specimens from Hirase’s collection (Hirase 1908). However, Godwin-Austen (1907) received a specimen from Hirase, reported on its reproductive system and assigned it as the type species of the genus . Hirase (1908: 16, published on 20 Jan. 1908) described his own specimens as a new variety of the same name in Japanese, on the basis of specimens collected from Hotawa; however, he also cited Godwin-Austen’s study in a Japanese translation. Therefore, Godwin-Austen’s 1907 publication unintentionally took precedence over Hirase’s work, thereby claiming the authorship of this name. Being the type species of the genus, the name was thus elevated to the rank of species (ICZN 1999: Art. 61.4).

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 2F

Helix vesta Pfeiffer, 1866: 828, pl. 46 fig. 9. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Petalochlamys vesta ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040580), new designation, 8.5 × 16 mm, whorls 5.5.

Although only one specimen is found in the NHM, it should be designated as lectotype under ICZN (1999: Rec. 73F).

Genus Habe, 1946

(Gude, 1900)

Godwin-Austen, 1907

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Figure 2G

Macrochlamys fulgens Gude, 1900: 75, pl. 8 figs. 24–26.

Lamprocystis ?

South Formosa [southern Taiwan] (Hirase)

Holotype of . South Formosa, from collection of Hirase (NHMUK 1903.7.1.1714), designated by monotypy, 4 × 7.3 mm, whorls 4.5.

Godwin-Austen (1907) described the specimen as being 9.75 mm in shell width. By comparing his measurement with mine, I concluded that his was probably an inadvertent error.

Family BRADYBAENIDAE

Genus Albers, 1850

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 2H

Helix (Plectotropis) fulvicans H. Adams, 1866: 316, pl. 33 fig. 2.

Aegista (Plectotropis) fulvicans ,

Tamsui, Formosa [Danshui, New Taipei City] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.10/1), new designation, 9.9 × 14 mm, whorls 7.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.10/2–3, 2 shells). Formosa, from collection of H. Adams (NHMUK 1878.1.23.204, 2 shells).

Adams (1866) described the locality as Tamsui, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". The largest specimen mostly similar to the illustration in Adams (1866) is designated as the lectotype.

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 2I

Helix granti Pfeiffer, 1866: 828–829, pl. 46 fig. 10. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Aegista (Plectotropis) granti ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040579), new designation, 8.9 × 14.4 mm, whorls 6.5.

Although only one specimen is found in the NHM, it should be designated as lectotype under ICZN (1999 Rec. 73F).

Genus Gredler, 1887

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 3A

Figure 3.

A (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040582/1 B (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.11/1 C (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040585/1 D (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.1/1 E (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040586/1 F (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040577/1 G (Pfeiffer, 1866) syn. Gude, 1907, holotype NHMUK 1922.8.29.66 H (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040587/1. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Bulimus incertus Pfeiffer, 1866: 830, pl. 46 fig. 1. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Pseudobuliminus incertus ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040582/1), new designation, ca. 10 × 4.5 mm, whorls 9.5 (peristome damaged).

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040582/2–4, 3 shells).

The largest specimen corresponds well in size with the measurements of Pfeiffer (1866). It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

Genus Albers, 1860

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 3B

Nanina (Acusta) assimilis H. Adams, 1866: 316, pl. 33 fig. 1.

Acusta assimilis ,

Takow, Formosa [northern Qi-Jin, Kaohsiung City] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.11/1), new designation, 13.7 × 19.4 mm, whorls 5.75.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.11/2–3, 2 shells).

Adams (1866) described the locality as Takow, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". The lot NHMUK 1866.5.9.11 was first registered and labelled as “Nanina propinqua”, then later published as . None of these shells exactly match with the measurements of Adams (1866). The specimen in the best condition is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

Rolle, 1911

Acusta toyenmongaiensis Rolle, 1911: 32.

Toyenmongai, Formosa [Dong-yuan-men-jie, Tainan = central area of modern-day Tainan City] (Rolle?)

Lectotype. Toyenmongai, Formosa (SMF 7405), designated by Zilch (1968, pl. 7, fig. 27).

Paralectotypes. Formosa (NHMUK 1912.8.16.131–133, 3 shells, “original specimen”), 11.3–12.3 × 13.3–14.2 mm, whorls 5.25–5.5. Also in SMF.

Genus Kuroda & Emura, 1943

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 3C

Helix swinhoei Pfeiffer, 1866: 829, pl. 46 fig. 6. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Nesiohelix swinhoei ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040585/1, large form), new designation, 42.7 × 75.3 mm, whorls 5.5.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040585/2, 1 shell, large form, 50.9 × 68.1 mm, whorls 5.25; NHMUK 20040585/3–4, 2 shells, small form, 32.4–32.5 × 50.8–54.5 mm, whorls 4.75–5.0).

The shell sizes of these four specimens do not agree with Pfeiffer’s original measurements of 27–28 × 52–58 mm for the typical form and 25 × 46 mm for the minor form. I consider Pfeiffer’s measurements to be incorrect. The largest specimen is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

Genus Pilsbry, 1901

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 3D

Bulimus (Amphidromus) formosensis H. Adams, 1866: 317, pl. 33 fig. 5.

Dolicheulota formosensis ,

Tamsui Mountains, Formosa [Danshui, New Taipei City] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.1/1), new designation, 55.4 × 24 mm, whorls 8.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.1/2–3, 2 shells).

Adams (1866) described the locality as Tamsui Mountains, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". The largest specimen corresponding well in size with the measurements of H. Adams (1866) is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 3E

Bulimus swinhoei Pfeiffer, 1866: 830, pl. 46 figs. 2, 2a. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Dolicheulota swinhoei Pilsbry & Hirase, 1906: 735.

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040586/1), new designation, 37.1 × 21.4 mm, whorls 7.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040586/2–3, 2 shells, one bleached and the other immature).

The specimen in the best condition is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

Family CAMAENIDAE

Genus A. Adams, 1868

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 3F

Helix bacca Pfeiffer, 1866: 829, pl. 46 fig. 8. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Satsuma bacca ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype of . Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040577/1), new designation, 16.6 × 24.5 mm, whorls 5.5. (Figure 3F)

Paralectotype of . Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040577/2, 1 shell, immature).

This species was usually considered as a member of Kuroda & Habe, 1949. Hwang (2011) transferred it to the current genus because of genital and conchological similarities. Besides, is preoccupied by a dipteran genus (Enderlein 1936). The only mature specimen is designated as lectotype.

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

Gude, 1907

Figure 3G

Eulota (Euhadra) warburgi Gude, 1907: 164–165, figs. 1, 2.

Dunes at Long-Krau, South Formosa [coastal area of Northwest Hengchung Peninsula] (Warburg)

Holotype of . Dunes at Long-Krau, Southern Formosa, coll. Warburg, Feb. 1888, from collection of Naturhistorisches Museum, Hamburg (NHMUK 1922.8.29.66), original designation, 19.2 × 30.5 mm, whorls 5.75. (Figure 3G)

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 3H

Helix (Camaena) bairdi H. Adams, 1866: 316, pl. 33 fig. 3.

Satsuma bairdi ,

Tamsui, Formosa [Danshui, New Taipei City] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040587/1), new designation, 22.7 × 40.0 mm, whorls 6.25.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040587/2–3, 2 shells).

Adams (1866) described the locality as Tamsui, Formosa, but the original label has only "Formosa". None of these shells exactly match with the measurements of Adams (1866). The specimen in the best condition is designated as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 4A

Figure 4.

A (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040578 B (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040576/1 C (H. Adams, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 1866.5.9.9/1 D (Pfeiffer, 1866), lectotype NHMUK 20040575/1. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Helix formosensis Pfeiffer, 1866: 829, pl. 46 fig. 7. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Satsuma formosensis ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040578), new designation, 17 × 26 mm, whorls 6.

Pfeiffer (1866) mentioned that the shell height is 12–13 mm, but only one specimen is found in the NHM. More than one specimen was probably examined by Pfeiffer. Therefore, this is designated as a lectotype instead of a holotype.

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 4B

Helix mellea Pfeiffer, 1866: 829–830, pl. 46 fig. 4. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Satsuma melleum (sic.),

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040576/1), new designation, 11 × 23.2 mm, whorls 5.

Paralectotypes. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040576/2–3, 2 shells).

The largest specimen mostly similar to the illustration in Pfeiffer (1866) is designated as the lectotype.

(Pfeiffer, 1866)

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Figure 4D

Bulimus sphaeroconus Pfeiffer, 1866: 830, pl. 46 fig. 3. [1865] (Apr. 1866).

Satsuma (Coniglobus) sphaeroconus ,

Formosa [Taiwan] (Swinhoe)

Lectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040575/1), new designation, 23.1 × 18.5 mm, whorls 6.

Paralectotype. Formosa, coll. Swinhoe, from collection of H. Cuming (NHMUK 20040575/2, 1 shell, immature).

The only mature shell with a red spot is designated as the lectotype.

(H. Adams, 1866)

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Figure 4C

Helix (Camaena) succincta H. Adams, 1866: 316–317, pl. 33 figs. 4, 4a.

Satsuma succincta ,

Takow, Formosa [northern Qi-Jin, Kaohsiung City] (Swinhoe).

Lectotype. Takow Mountain, Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.9/1), new designation, 22.8 × 31.2 mm, whorls 6.5.

Paralectotypes. Takow Mountain, Formosa, coll. Swinhoe (NHMUK 1866.5.9.9/2–6, 5 shells; NHMUK 1866.5.9.9/7, 1 shell, non succincta, immature shell of (Schmacker & Boettger, 1891)).

One of the specimens is labelled "Takow mountains" on base of shell. It is here selected as the lectotype for the stabilization of the name (ICZN 1999: Art. 74).

(Moellendorff, 1884)

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Helix hungerfordiana Moellendorff, 1884: 336–337, pl. 7 fig. 7.

Yakuchloritis hungerfordianus ,

insulae Hongkong [Hongkong Islands] (Moellendorff)

Lectotype. Hong Kong (SMF 45429), designated by Zilch (1966b, fig. 42).

Paralectotypes. Hong Kong and Guangdung, China (SMF, 11 shells) (Zilch 1966b).

Possible paralectotypes. Keelung, Formosa, coll. Hungerford (NHMUK 1891.3.17.5–6, 2 shells), 9.6 × 18.1 mm, whorls 5.5; 9.7 × 16.5, whorls 5.5.

This species was named by Nevill, in a letter to Hungerford, on the basis of the samples that Hungerford collected from Formosa; however, the species was not published until 1884 by Moellendorff. Having examined Moellendorff’s collection from Hong Kong and Guangdung (Moellendorff 1884), I cannot find evidence of whether the lot in the NHM was actually seen by Moellendorff. Since he listed Formosa as one of the localities, I consider the specimens in the NHM to be possible paralectotypes.

Genus Ancey, 1887

Pilsbry, 1905

Rolle, 1911

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Moellendorffia (Trihelix) hiraseana Pilsbry, 1905: 66–67, pl. 2 fig. 4–6.

Stegodera (Trihelix) helleri Rolle, 1911: 31–32.

Toyenmongai auf Formosa [Dong-yuan-men-jie, Tainan = central area of modern-day Tainan City] (Rolle?)

Lectotype of . Toyenmongai, Formosa, coll. Rolle, 1910 (SMF 7404), designated as holotype by Zilch (1966a, fig. 57), see remarks below.

Paralectotypes of . (SMF, 4 shells) (Zilch 1966a).

Possible paralectotypes of . Toyenmongai, Formosa, coll. Rolle, “1/2/11”, from collection of V.W. MacAndrew, no. 1563 (NHMUK 20040594, 4 shells), 6.4–6.9 × 15.9–17.4mm, whorls 4.75.

No holotype was originally fixed by Rolle (1911). Zilch (1966a) considered a specimen in SMF as the holotype, which here is accepted as a subsequent lectotype designation, and thus all other specimens from Rolle’s original lot receive the status of paralectotypes under Art. 74.6, ICZN (1999).