Olli Hartiala1, Costan G Magnussen2, Marco Bucci3, Sami Kajander3, Juhani Knuuti3, Heikki Ukkonen4, Antti Saraste5, Irina Rinta-Kiikka6, Sakari Kainulainen7, Mika Kähönen8, Nina Hutri-Kähönen9, Tomi Laitinen10, Terho Lehtimäki11, Jorma S A Viikari4, Jaakko Hartiala12, Markus Juonala13, Olli T Raitakari14. 1. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland olli.hartiala@utu.fi. 2. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia. 3. Turku PET Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland. 4. Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland. 5. Turku PET Center, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland. 6. Department of Clinical Radiology, Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie, 33520 Tampere, Finland. 7. Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. 8. Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie, 33520 Tampere, Finland. 9. Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie, 33520 Tampere, Finland. 10. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie, 70210 Kuopio, Finland. 11. Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and University of Tampere School of Medicine and Tampere University Hospital, Teiskontie, 33520 Tampere, Finland. 12. Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland. 13. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia. 14. Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 20520 Turku, Finland.
Abstract
AIMS: We investigated associations of pre-clinical coronary heart disease (CHD), adolescence and adulthood CHD risk factors, and epicardial fat volume (EFV), which is thought to influence CHD pathology. METHODS AND RESULTS: EFV and coronary calcium scores were quantified using computed tomography imaging for 557 subjects from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study in 2007. CHD risk marker levels were assessed repeatedly from 1980 to 2007. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid distensibility, and brachial flow-mediated dilatation were measured by vascular ultrasound in 2007. Increased EFV was cross-sectionally associated with male sex, increased waist circumference, body-mass index (BMI), cIMT, metabolic syndrome prevalence, levels of apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, insulin, and fasting glucose, as well as ever smoking, alcoholic intake, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), carotid distensibility and physical activity in adulthood. In BMI-adjusted analyses, only apolipoprotein B, ever smoking, alcohol intake and metabolic syndrome prevalence were independently associated with EFV. In adolescence, skinfold thickness, BMI, and insulin levels were higher and HDL-C lower with increasing EFV. Subjects in the lowest vs. highest quarter of EFV had consistently lower BMI across the early life-course. CONCLUSION: Associations of CHD risk markers with EFV were attenuated after multivariable adjustment. We found no evidence of increased EFV being independently associated with pre-clinical atherosclerosis. EFV was most strongly associated with BMI and waist circumference. Subjects with higher EFV had consistently higher BMI from age 12 suggesting that life-long exposure to higher BMI influences the development of EFV. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
AIMS: We investigated associations of pre-clinical coronary heart disease (CHD), adolescence and adulthood CHD risk factors, and epicardial fat volume (EFV), which is thought to influence CHD pathology. METHODS AND RESULTS: EFV and coronary calcium scores were quantified using computed tomography imaging for 557 subjects from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study in 2007. CHD risk marker levels were assessed repeatedly from 1980 to 2007. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid distensibility, and brachial flow-mediated dilatation were measured by vascular ultrasound in 2007. Increased EFV was cross-sectionally associated with male sex, increased waist circumference, body-mass index (BMI), cIMT, metabolic syndrome prevalence, levels of apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, insulin, and fasting glucose, as well as ever smoking, alcoholic intake, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), carotid distensibility and physical activity in adulthood. In BMI-adjusted analyses, only apolipoprotein B, ever smoking, alcohol intake and metabolic syndrome prevalence were independently associated with EFV. In adolescence, skinfold thickness, BMI, and insulin levels were higher and HDL-C lower with increasing EFV. Subjects in the lowest vs. highest quarter of EFV had consistently lower BMI across the early life-course. CONCLUSION: Associations of CHD risk markers with EFV were attenuated after multivariable adjustment. We found no evidence of increased EFV being independently associated with pre-clinical atherosclerosis. EFV was most strongly associated with BMI and waist circumference. Subjects with higher EFV had consistently higher BMI from age 12 suggesting that life-long exposure to higher BMI influences the development of EFV. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
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