Jean-Yves Blay1, Lin Shen2, Yoon-Koo Kang3, Piotr Rutkowski4, Shukui Qin5, Dmitry Nosov6, Desen Wan7, Jonathan Trent8, Vichien Srimuninnimit9, Zsuzsanna Pápai10, Axel Le Cesne11, Steven Novick12, Lilia Taningco12, Shuyuan Mo12, Steven Green13, Peter Reichardt14, George D Demetri15. 1. Centre Léon-Bérard, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France. Electronic address: jean-yves.blay@lyon.unicancer.fr. 2. Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of GastrointestinaI Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China. 3. Department of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. 4. Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland. 5. PLA Cancer Center of Nanjing Bayi Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. 6. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia. 7. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, State Key Laboratory in Southern China, Guangzhou, China. 8. Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA. 9. Medical Oncology Division, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, Thailand. 10. Military Hospital-State Health Centre Oncology Department, Budapest, Hungary. 11. Department of Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. 12. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA. 13. Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach, Basel, Switzerland. 14. Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany. 15. Center for Sarcoma and Bone Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nilotinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of ABL1/BCR-ABL1 and KIT, platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), and the discoidin domain receptor. Gain-of-function mutations in KIT or PDGFRα are key drivers in most gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). This trial was designed to test the efficacy and safety of nilotinib versus imatinib as first-line therapy for patients with advanced GISTs. METHODS: In this randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial (ENESTg1), participants from academic centres were aged 18 years or older and had previously untreated, histologically confirmed, metastatic or unresectable GISTs. Patients were stratified by previous adjuvant therapy and randomly assigned (1:1) via a randomisation list to receive oral imatinib 400 mg once daily or oral nilotinib 400 mg twice daily. The primary endpoint was centrally reviewed progression-free survival. Efficacy endpoints were assessed by intention-to-treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00785785. FINDINGS: Because the futility boundary was crossed at a preplanned interim analysis, trial accrual terminated in April, 2011. Between March 16, 2009, and April 21, 2011, 647 patients were enrolled; of whom 324 were allocated nilotinib and 320 were allocated imatinib. At final analysis of the core study (data cutoff, October, 2012), 2-year progression-free survival was higher in the imatinib group (59·2% [95% CI 50·9-66·5]) than in the nilotinib group (51·6% [43·0-59·5]; hazard ratio 1·47 [95% CI 1·10-1·95]). In the imatinib group, the most common grade 3-4 adverse events were hypophosphataemia (19 [6%]), anaemia (17 [5%]), abdominal pain (13; 4%), and elevated lipase level (15; 5%), and in the nilotinib group were anaemia (18; 6%), elevated lipase level (15; 5%), elevated alanine aminotransferase concentration (12; 4%), and abdominal pain (11; 3%). The most common serious adverse event in both groups was abdominal pain (11 [4%] in the imatinib group, 14 [4%] in the nilotinib group). INTERPRETATION: Nilotinib cannot be recommended for broad use to treat first-line GIST. However, future studies might identify patient subsets for whom first-line nilotinib could be of clinical benefit. FUNDING: Novartis Pharmaceuticals.
BACKGROUND: Nilotinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity of ABL1/BCR-ABL1 and KIT, platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), and the discoidin domain receptor. Gain-of-function mutations in KIT or PDGFRα are key drivers in most gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). This trial was designed to test the efficacy and safety of nilotinib versus imatinib as first-line therapy for patients with advanced GISTs. METHODS: In this randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial (ENESTg1), participants from academic centres were aged 18 years or older and had previously untreated, histologically confirmed, metastatic or unresectable GISTs. Patients were stratified by previous adjuvant therapy and randomly assigned (1:1) via a randomisation list to receive oral imatinib 400 mg once daily or oral nilotinib 400 mg twice daily. The primary endpoint was centrally reviewed progression-free survival. Efficacy endpoints were assessed by intention-to-treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00785785. FINDINGS: Because the futility boundary was crossed at a preplanned interim analysis, trial accrual terminated in April, 2011. Between March 16, 2009, and April 21, 2011, 647 patients were enrolled; of whom 324 were allocated nilotinib and 320 were allocated imatinib. At final analysis of the core study (data cutoff, October, 2012), 2-year progression-free survival was higher in the imatinib group (59·2% [95% CI 50·9-66·5]) than in the nilotinib group (51·6% [43·0-59·5]; hazard ratio 1·47 [95% CI 1·10-1·95]). In the imatinib group, the most common grade 3-4 adverse events were hypophosphataemia (19 [6%]), anaemia (17 [5%]), abdominal pain (13; 4%), and elevated lipase level (15; 5%), and in the nilotinib group were anaemia (18; 6%), elevated lipase level (15; 5%), elevated alanine aminotransferase concentration (12; 4%), and abdominal pain (11; 3%). The most common serious adverse event in both groups was abdominal pain (11 [4%] in the imatinib group, 14 [4%] in the nilotinib group). INTERPRETATION: Nilotinib cannot be recommended for broad use to treat first-line GIST. However, future studies might identify patient subsets for whom first-line nilotinib could be of clinical benefit. FUNDING: Novartis Pharmaceuticals.
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