Christos Ganos1,2, Alicia Garrido1,3, Irene Navalpotro-Gómez1,4, Lucia Ricciardi1, Davide Martino5,6, Mark J Edwards1, Manos Tsakiris7, Patrick Haggard8, Kailash P Bhatia1. 1. Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. 2. Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany. 3. Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. 4. Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. 5. Neurology Department, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. 6. Department of Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK. 7. Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK. 8. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College, London, UK.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A contribution of aberrant interoceptive awareness to the perception of premonitory urges in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) has been hypothesized. METHODS: We assessed interoceptive awareness in 19 adults with GTS and 25 age-matched healthy controls using the heartbeat counting task. We also used multiple regression to explore whether the severity of premonitory urges was predicted by interoceptive awareness or severity of tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. RESULTS: We observed lower interoceptive awareness in GTS compared with controls. Interoceptive awareness was the strongest predictor of premonitory urges in GTS, with greater interoceptive awareness being associated with more urges. Greater tic severity was also associated with higher rates of premonitory urges. CONCLUSION: The observed relationship between severity of premonitory urges and interoceptive awareness suggests that interoception might be involved in self-reported premonitory urges in GTS. High levels of interoceptive awareness might reflect a self-attentive capacity to perceive urges.
BACKGROUND: A contribution of aberrant interoceptive awareness to the perception of premonitory urges in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) has been hypothesized. METHODS: We assessed interoceptive awareness in 19 adults with GTS and 25 age-matched healthy controls using the heartbeat counting task. We also used multiple regression to explore whether the severity of premonitory urges was predicted by interoceptive awareness or severity of tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. RESULTS: We observed lower interoceptive awareness in GTS compared with controls. Interoceptive awareness was the strongest predictor of premonitory urges in GTS, with greater interoceptive awareness being associated with more urges. Greater tic severity was also associated with higher rates of premonitory urges. CONCLUSION: The observed relationship between severity of premonitory urges and interoceptive awareness suggests that interoception might be involved in self-reported premonitory urges in GTS. High levels of interoceptive awareness might reflect a self-attentive capacity to perceive urges.
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