Annotated checklist of the terrestrial gastropods of Nepal.

This is the very first checklist of the terrestrial gastropods of Nepal. It includes 138 species and six subspecies, of which 22 species are endemic and four are introduced. It highlights 34 species recorded for the first time in Nepal and provides new distribution records for another 30 species.

Introduction

The rich diversity of non-marine molluscs of the Indian subcontinent was explored by pioneering 19th century British malacologists. However, as foreigners were restricted from entering Nepal until 1951, the Nepalese malacofauna remained poorly known. PageBreak Benson, 1864 (now ) may have been the first land snail recorded from Nepal (Budha 2005), but its type locality of ‘Tribeni Ghat’ has not been identified. The earliest confirmed records of terrestrial gastropods from Nepal were an unidentified species and sp. [?= Heynemann] from Kathmandu Valley (Nevill 1878: p. 27 and 65 respectively). No publications on Nepalese snails appeared for the following 95 years until the description of two new species and two new subspecies of by Nordsieck (1973) and a chromosomal study on some ariophantids (Kiauta and Butot 1973). Subsequently, Schileyko and Frank (1994) described a new species (), a new genus () and a new enid subfamily () from hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley. In addition, they described the reproductive anatomy of (Benson, 1848). Since then, several occasional papers on the Nepalese terrestrial gastropods have been published (Kuznetsov 1996, Kuznetsov and Schileyko 1997, 1999, Schileyko and Kuznetsov 1998a, 1998b, Raut 1999, Schileyko 1999, Wiktor 2001a, Subba and Ghosh 2001, 2008, Wiktor and Bössneck 2004, Budha 2005, Kuzminykh and Schileyko 2005, Bössneck 2006, Budha and Naggs 2008, Gerber and Bössneck 2009, Budha et al. 2012, Schileyko and Balashov 2012, Khanal and Budha 2013). Despite the fact that the study of Nepalese terrestrial gastropods is still in its infancy, there is a need for at least a provisional checklist as a starting point for further study. The present paper aims at providing such a list.

The data included here are based on published records and field investigations from 2006–2010 by Prem Budha. Collected material has been deposited in the Central Department Zoology Museum of Tribhuvan University (CDZMTU), Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. The list provides taxonomic notes where needed, as well as distribution ranges of genera and species. The original names of the type species of genera and subgenera are provided. An attempt was made to standardize the use of geographical place names and local features but, owing to the nature of this data, it was not always possible to do so. The district name is mentioned for all species from Nepal with particular locations such as hill, forest, and village names wherever data are available. National park or conservation areas are given without district names because most national parks extend across more than one district. Particular locations within national parks are given where known. Indian states are given with particular location(s) wherever data are available. The systematic arrangement at family and more inclusive levels is based on Bouchet and Rocroi (2005). Family names are arranged according to Bouchet and Rocroi (2005), while genus and species names are arranged alphabetically. The list includes 138 species and six subspecies, including 22 endemic species, four introduced species, 34 new species for Nepal, and new distribution records for 30 species.

Systematics

Class:

Clade:

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Subtropical and tropical Asia (

Type species:

Subgenus:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; Taiwan; Malaysia; Philippines (

Type species:

Distribution: Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam (

Nepal: Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Dharan, Udayapur and Gulmi Districts (

Subgenus:

Distribution: Bangladesh; India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Philippines (

Type species:

Distribution: Bangladesh; India; Myanmar (

Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill (

Subgenus:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Philippines (

Type species:

Distribution: Thailand; Myanmar; W Malaysia (

Nepal: Ilam, Morang, Sunsari, Dharan and Udayapur Districts (

Genus:

Distribution: Sri Lanka; S and NE India; Myanmar (

Type species:

New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Genus:

Distribution: S and SE Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim (

Nepal:

New distribution records from Nepal: Chitwan National Park, Tanahu District-Shiddha Cave area and Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.

Genus:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; SE Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Assam-Brahmakund (

New species record for Nepal: Langtang National Park.

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: India; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Japan; Taiwan; Korea; Thailand; Vietnam; Laos; Philippines; Indonesia; Malaysia; Australia (

Type species:

Subgenus:

Distribution: India; Myanmar; China; Malaysia; Japan (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram-Akha Hills, Dihiri Parbat; Bhutan (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

New distribution records from Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill and Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.

Distribution: India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh (

Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill (

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Yamne Valley, Abor Hills (

Nepal:

Genus:

Distribution: India; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Taiwan; Korea; Thailand; Vietnam; Laos; Philippines; Indonesia; Malaysia; Australia (

Type species:

Subgenus:

Distribution: NE India; Myanmar; China; Malaysia (

Type species:

Distribution: NE India: Assam, Nagaland-Naga Hill (

Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill (

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim-Richila Peak; W Bhutan (

New species record for Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.

Distribution: NE India: Nagaland-Naga Hills (

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest (

Distribution: NE India: Nagaland-Naga Hills, Arunachal Pradesh-Dafla Hills (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim-Damsang Peak; W Bhutan (Gude, 1921).

New species records for Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Distribution: This is the only species of

New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling and Sikkim; Bhutan (

New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Subgenus:

Distribution: NE India to Myanmar (

Type species:

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim-Pankhabari, Meghalaya, Nagaland (

Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill (

New distribution record from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.

Distribution: NE India: Sikkim-Richila Peak; W Bhutan (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: India; Nepal; China; Indonesia; Vietnam; Singapore; Malaysia; Japan; Philippines; Taiwan; Papua New Guinea; Fiji (

Type species:

Subgenus:

Distribution: N India; Nepal; China; Malaysia; Philippines; Japan; Taiwan; Papua New Guinea; Fiji (

Type species:

Distribution: Myanmar: Damotha Cave, etc., Moulmein, now Mawlamyine (

New species record for Nepal: Tanahu District-Siddha Cave area.

Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh-Landour, Simla, Uttarakhand-Nainital (

New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Distribution: NE India: Manipur; Myanmar (

New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Langtang National Park.

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

New distribution records from Nepal: Hills surrounding Lalitpur and Kathmandu Districts, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Baghdwar.

Distribution: NE India: Assam-North Cachar, Jenta Hajuma Peak (

New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Balaju, Pani Tanki.

Distribution: Myanmar (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

Subgenus:

Distribution: NE India: Assam, Manipur, Nagaland; Myanmar; Vietnam (

Type species:

Distribution: NE India: Arunachal Pradesh-Miri Hills (

New species records for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Subgenus:

Distribution: India; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Japan; Philippines; Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Taiwan (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Karnataka, Maharashtra (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Indian Himalaya; Nepal; China; Thailand; W Malaysia; Sumatra; Borneo; Philippines (

Type species:

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Very widely distributed from N and C America, Europe to S and SE Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: China "aus Hope" (

Nepal: Langtang National Park-Syabru (

New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Clade:

Superfamily:

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Pantropical (

Type species:

Distribution: The geographical origin of

New distribution records from Nepal: Widely distributed throughout most districts of Tarai and inner Tarai.

Clade:

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: W and E Africa; Mascarene Islands; Seychelles; Aldabra; India; Nepal (

Type species:

New species record for Nepal: Chitwan District-Sauraha (collected from flower vase at hotel).

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Nearly circumglobal (

Type species:

New species records for Nepal: Kathmandu and Lalitpur Districts.

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Temperate N America; Europe; Africa; Asia; Australia (

Type Species:

Distribution: Pakistan.

Nepal:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Tribeni Ghat (

New distribution record from Nepal: Langtang National Park-Gosainkund.

Distribution: Europe and C Asia (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Tukuche (

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Holarctic and S Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand (

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Mustang District-Muktinath (

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Holarctic (

Type species:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Northern districts from Darchula to Panchthar (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Northern districts from Darchula to Panchthar (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Mugu and Mustang Districts (

Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Jammu and Kashmir; Nepal; Tibet; Tianshan Turkey (

Nepal: Bajura, Darchula, Humla and Mustang Districts (

Distribution: Kazakhstan; Tajikistan; NW India: Jammu and Kashmir; Tibet; Siberia; N China; Mongolia to Russia (

Nepal: Solukhumbu and Taplejung Districts (

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Holarctic (

Type species:

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Khobang (

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Almost cosmopolitan extending to all tropical and warm temperate continents but extinct in Europe (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Maharashtra (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: W China; Nepal (

Type species:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Mustang District, Tukuche to Muktinath trekking route (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Mustang District-Tukuche to Muktinath trekking route (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Mustang District-Tukuche (

Genus:

Distribution: Afghanistan; Iran; mountain regions of C Asia; N Pakistan and adjacent territories of India (

Type species:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Mustang District-Tukuche to Muktinath trekking route (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area and hills surrounding Kathmandu District (

Subspecies:

Distribution: Mustang District-Khobang, Tukuche, Marpha, Jomsom (

Subspecies:

Distribution: Myagdi District-Sukebagar, Titre, Dana (

Genus:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; E Asia; Japan (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu-Nilgiris, Arunachal Pradesh-Dafla Hill, Meghalaya-Khasi Hills; Myanmar (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District-Khari Khola (

Genus:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal (

Type species:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Kathmandu and Myagdi Districts, Annapurna Conservation Area (

Genus:

Distribution: SE Kazakhstan and adjacent territories of China; India; Japan; Nepal (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Kashmir between Jamuna and Sutlej River, Jhelum Valley (

New species record for Nepal: Mugu District-Rogumba.

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Type species:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Shiwalik range of C Nepal, Chitwan National Park and Makwanpur District-Taubas, Bhaise (

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Pakistan; India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar (

Type species:

Subgenus:

Distribution: India: Punjab, W Bengal (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Punjab-Muree, W Bengal-Darjeeling (

New species record for Nepal: Dadeldhura District.

Subgenus:

Distribution: N Pakistan; Nepal; NE India; Bhutan; Myanmar (

Type species:

Distribution: N Pakistan; Nepal; NE India; Bhutan; Myanmar (

Subspecies:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Dolakha District-Jiri (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley (

New distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Lamjung, Myagdi and Mustang Districts (

Subspecies:

Distribution: Myagdi and Mustang Districts-Dhorpatan, Thakkhola, Lete, Gorepani (

Subspecies:

Distribution: Lamjung District-Jaljala, Myagdi Khola, Muri (

Superfamily:

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Originally from E Africa but now globally distributed in tropical to warm temperate areas, i.e. W Africa; N and S America; S and SE Asia; China; Japan; Caribbean countries; Oceania (

Type species:

Distribution: See distribution of

Nepal: Probably introduced into Nepal in the 1930s-40s (

New distribution records from Nepal: Dang, Surkhet, Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur Districts.

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Europe; Africa; S Asia; Philippines; Oceania; American tropics (

Type species:

Distribution: Drift debris of the Euphrates (type locality), Sarus River near Adana, SE Asia Minor (

New species record for Nepal: Baitadi District, Far W Nepal.

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Tropical, subtropical, and many temperate regions of Africa, S and SE Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: Bourbon Island (type locality), other islands of the Indian Ocean; Japan (

New species records for Nepal: Kathmandu, Kaski and Kailali Districts.

Distribution: Tropics of both hemispheres, abundant in cultivated districts, perhaps the most widely ranging of all land snails (

New species records for Nepal: Chitwan and Dhading Districts.

Genus:

Distribution: S Africa; India; China; SE Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim (

New species record for Nepal: Ilam District-Maipokhari.

Genus:

Distribution: Widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacific regions (

Type species:

Distribution: Widespread in disturbed habitats in tropical Indo-Pacific regions (

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest (

New distribution record from Nepal: Ramechhap District.

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Worldwide in tropical, subtropical and many temperate regions (

Type species:

Nepal: Morang District (

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim, Assam-North Cachar, Meghalaya-Khasi Hill, Nagaland-Naga Hills (

Type species:

Nepal: Ilam and Panchthar District (

Genus:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Malaysia; Vietnam (

Nepal: Kathmandu District (

Type species:

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

New species record for Nepal: Ilam District-Maipokhari.

Distribution: S India: Western Ghats, Andhra Pradesh-Golconda Hill, Orissa-Jaypore (

Nepal: Kathmandu District-Nagarjun Forest (

Genus:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Nepal; Myanmar; W Bhutan (

Type species:

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

New species record for Nepal: Chitwan National Park.

Distribution: India: Western Ghats, W Bengal, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharastra; Myanmar; Bangladesh (Pilsbry and Tryon 1908-1909,

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest, Balaju (

New distribution record from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.

Superfamily:

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Africa; Indo-Pacific (

Type species:

Distribution: Sri Lanka; throughout India; Myanmar (

New species record for Nepal: Chitwan District.

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Japan; China; Vietnam; Malaysia; Sumatra; India (

Type species:

Subgenus:

Distribution: India; Malaysia; Sumatra (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Assam-North Cachar (

New species record for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.

Subgenus:

Distribution: Foothills of Himalaya; S India; China; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Japan; S Korea (

Type species:

Distribution: NE India: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

Superfamily:

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Nepal; NE India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim (

Type species:

Distribution: NE India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya-Khasi Hill, Mizoram (

Nepal: Kathmandu District-Swoyambhunath Temple Forest (

Distribution: India: Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, W Bengal (

New species records for Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Chisapani, Baghdwar, Langtang National Park-Golphubhanjyang.

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Indo-Malayan (

Type species:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Pakistan; Madagascar; Myanmar; Tropical E Africa and Eastern S Africa (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (Kuznetsov and Schileyko 1977).

New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park, Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill, Kirtipur.

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh (

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park (

Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, W Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland; Madagascar; Myanmar (

Nepal: Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill (

New distribution record from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.

Distribution: India: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, W Bengal (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

New distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill and Kathmandu District-Champadevi Hill.

Distribution: India: Meghalaya-Khasi Hill (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Holarctic (

Type species:

Distribution: Holarctic (

Nepal: Hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley (

New distribution records from Nepal: Langtang National Park and Mustang District.

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: N America from Alaska and Maine to Florida and south to Costa Rica, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands; Europe; Japan; Australia (

Type species:

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim, W Bengal; Myanmar (

Type species:

New species records for Nepal: Chitwan National Park; Kathmandu and Pokhara Districts.

Genus:

Distribution: India; Sri Lanka; Andaman Islands; SE Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Uttarakhand, W Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland (

Nepal: Mustang District (

New distribution records from Nepal: Dadeldhura, Kathmandu, Rasuwa and Mustang Districts.

Genus:

Distribution: India; Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; Thailand (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh (

Nepal: Kathmandu District, Annapurna Conservation Area (

Distribution: India: W Bengal (

Nepal: Kathmandu, Panchthar, Taplejung, Morang and Terhathum Districts (

Genus:

Distribution: India: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim; Myanmar (

Type species:

New species record for Nepal: Langtang National Park.

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: S and SE Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: India; Andaman Islands; Bangladesh; Sri Lanka (

Nepal: Ilam, Sunsari, Dharan, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Gulmi, Kaski Districts (

New distribution records from Nepal: Dadeldhura, Baitadi, and Kanchanpur Districts.

Distribution: India: Meghalaya (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

Distribution: India: Meghalaya (

Nepal: Kathmandu District, Annapurna Conservation Area (

New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim, Meghalaya (

Nepal: Mid hills of several districts of E Nepal (

Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh-Simla, Uttarakhand-Kumaon (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

Distribution: NE India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim (

Nepal: Kathmandu District (

Distribution: India: Bihar, Jharkhand, Sikkim, W Bengal-Darjeeling (

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest (

Distribution: NE India: Sikkim-Richila Peak; Bhutan (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area, Solukhumbu District (

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

Distribution: India: Jharkhand-Rajmahal Hills, Orrissa-Cuttak (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

New distribution records from Nepal: Widely distributed in W Tarai to the mid hills of C Nepal.

Distribution: India: Manipur, Sikkim, W Bengal-Darjeeling (

Nepal: Kathmandu District (Kiauta and Butot 1972).

New distribution record from Nepal: Khaptad National Park.

Genus:

Distribution: Afghanistan; Pakistan; NW and NE India: Uttarakhand, Sikkim (

Type species:

Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Uttarakhand-Kumaon (

New species records for Nepal: Baitadi, Darchula, and Dadeldhura Districts.

Distribution: NW India: Kashmir, Uttarakhand-Nainital (

Nepal: Kathmandu District (

New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Genus:

Distribution: Afghanistan; Pakistan; India: Uttarakhand, Sikkim (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area (

New distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill, Kathmandu District- Champadevi Hill, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks.

Distribution: Pakistan: Murree; NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand (

New species record for Nepal: Baitadi District.

Distribution: NW India: Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand (

New species record for Nepal: Khaptad National Park.

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal, where it is common in Kathmandu Valley (

New distribution records from Nepal: Lalitpur, Kavre, Chitwan, Kaski, Gulmi, Syangjha, Parbat, and Myagdi Districts.

Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh-Simla, Uttarakhand (

New species record for Nepal: Khaptad National Park.

Genus:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: C and W Nepal.

Type species:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill (

New distribution record from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area. Only reported from the type locality Lete (

Genus:

Distribution: E Himalaya from Nepal and India to Myanmar (

Type species:

Distribution: India: W Bengal, Sikkim (

Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill (

New distribution records from Nepal: Chitwan National Park, Chitwan and Nawalparasi Districts.

Distribution: Myanmar: Ayeyarwady Valley, Sullivan Island, Mergui Archipelago (

Nepal: Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari, Dharan, Saptari, Udayapur, Kaski, Rupandehi and Kailali Districts (

Genus:

Distribution: E Himalaya from Nepal and NE India to Myanmar and Laos (

Type species:

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling, Sikkim (

Nepal: Mustang (

New distribution records from Nepal: Rasuwa and Parbat Districts.

Distribution: India: Sikkim (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

New distribution record from Nepal: Sankhuwasabha District.

Distribution: India: W Bengal-Darjeeling (

Nepal: Hills surrounding Kathmandu Valley (

New distribution records from Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks, Sankhuwasabha District.

Distribution: NE India: Assam-Burail range, North Cachar, Nagaland (

Nepal: Ilam, Morang, Dharan, Udayapur, Kaski, Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Terhathum Districts (

Genus:

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Abor Hill; Myanmar-Upper Rotung (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Abor Hill (

Nepal: Taplejung and Terhathum Districts (

Genus:

Distribution: India (

Type species:

Distribution: NW India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest (

Subspecies:

Distribution: Annapurna Conservation Area (

Genus:

Distribution: NE India; W Bhutan (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Sikkim-Damsang Peak, Dalling Hills; W Bhutan (

New species record for Nepal: Ilam District-Maipokhari.

Genus:

Distribution: India: Assam; Andaman Islands; Myanmar (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Assam; Andaman Islands; Myanmar (

Nepal: Panchthar, Taplejung and Terhathum Districts (

Distribution: Myanmar (

New species record for Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park.

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Distribution: W Palearctic region (

Genus:

Distribution: Palearctic region (

Type species:

Distribution: This is the only

Nepal: Endemic to Nepal; probably the slug species with the highest elevation range (up to 5000 m) in the world. This species was reported only from Bajura District.

Genus:

Distribution: India and Nepal (

Type species:

Subgenus:

Distribution: India: Kashmir (Godwin-Austen, 1914).

Type species:

Distribution: India: Kumaun Himalaya (

Nepal: Darchula District (

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: Holarctic. From Sahara to NE America and S Asia (

Type species:

Distribution: Holarctic. From Sahara to NE America. It has been introduced worldwide (

Nepal: Kathmandu, Taplejung and Panchthar Districts (

New distribution record from Nepal: Lalitpur District.

Superfamily:

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: S China; southern slopes of the Himalaya from Pakistan eastward to Sikkim (

Type species:

Distribution: Southern slopes of the Himalaya from Rawalpindi in the west of N Pakistan through Kashmir and Nepal to Sikkim in NE India (

Nepal: Bajura, Darchula, Humla and Rasuwa Districts (

New distribution records from Nepal: Langtang National Park-Dhunche-Gosainkund-Chisapani trekking route.

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Hills of Darchula, Dolpa, Humla, Jumla, Lamjung, Kaski, Palpa and Kathmandu Districts (

Subgenus:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal (

Type species:

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Only reported from the type locality, Phuiyan Khola, Solukhumbu District (

Family:

Genus:

Distribution: Russia; China; Korea; Japan; Borneo; Sumatra; Java; Celebes; Philippines (

Type species:

Distribution: China; India (

Nepal: Chitwan National Park (

Superfamily:

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus:

Distribution: India; Bangladesh; Nepal; China; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Vietnam; Cambodia; Indonesia; Malaysia; Singapore (

Type species:

Distribution: NW to NE India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim (

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Kokhethanti, Lete Khola (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area. Only known from Thakkhola, the type locality (

Genus:

Ditribution: India; China; Japan; Sumatra (

Type species:

Distribution: India; Bangladesh; Myanmar (

Nepal: Ilam and Panchthar Districts (

Family:

Subfamily:

Genus

Distribution: Sri Lanka; NE India; Nepal; Indonesia; Philippines (

Type species:

Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh-Abor Hill (

Nepal: Dolakha, Lalitpur, Ramechhap and Solukhumbu Districts (

Distribution: India: Nagaland (

Nepal: Solukhumbu District (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Larjung, Kokhethanti, Kalopani (

Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, W Bengal, Assam, Nagaland (

Nepal: Kaski and Myagdi Districts (

Distribution: Endemic to Nepal.

Nepal: Annapurna Conservation Area-Gorepani, Parbat District (

Distribution: Myanmar: Sawady (Nevill, 1877).

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park-Nagarjun Forest, Tare-Bhir (

Genus:

Distribution: India; Myanmar; Thailand; Cambodia (

Type species:

Nepal: Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park (

New distribution record from Nepal: Lalitpur District-Phulchowki Hill.

Eight subgenera of PageBreak were recognized by Kobelt (1902), one of which, the African Bourguignat, 1889, was elevated to family level by Tielecke (1940) (see Bouchet and Rocroi 2005: 248). Gude (1921) mentioned only five subgenera viz.: Kobelt and Möllendorff, 1897 (S and SE Asia), Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 (S and SE Asia), Kobelt and Möllendorff, 1897 (S and SE Asia), Montfort, 1810 (S and SE Asia) and Mörch, 1852 (Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Wenz (1939: 458–460) replaced by Schumacher, 1817 and by Gray, 1850, while Egorov (2006) replaced by Egorov, 2006. In this list we follow Gude (1921) but with the adapted names proposed by Wenz (1939) and Egorov (2006). Note that Egorov and Greke (2007) also recognized five subgenera, but they regarded as a junior synonym of , while maintaining Kobelt and Möllendorff, 1897 as separate subgenus, next to , , and .

Allozyme data of populations in Thailand suggest that this is a species complex (Prasankok et al. 2009). It remains to be investigated how the Nepalese populations fit into this picture.

The name Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 is a junior homonym of Faust, 1893 (= , , ). Egorov (2006) therefore replaced the molluscan name by .

Wenz (1939) replaced the name Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897 by Schumacher, 1817, while Egorov and Greke (2007) regarded both these names as junior synonyms of Montfort, 1810 (see note ).

is distributed in SE Asia, so that its presence in Nepal is doubtful and requires confirmation.

Nevill (1878) regarded W. T. Blanford, 1863 as a subgenus of Montfort, 1810. Kobelt and Möllendorff (1897) raised to genus rank. Benson, 1857 was fixed as the type species of by Nevill (1878).

Some authors have erroneously attributed the to Gray, 1850 (Minato 2005, Tarruella and Domènech 2011). However, according to Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) the correct authorship is ‘W. Blanford, 1864’. comprises four genera (Tarruella and Domènech 2011) namely J.E. Gray, 1850, Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897, Shintaro, 1934 and Benson, 1859. The generic names and have been applied by recent authors (Panha and Burch 2005, Maassen 2006, Dumrongrojwattana and Maassen 2008, Lee et al. 2008, Tarruella and Domènech 2011). Conversely, Godwin-Austen, 1914, Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1900 and Godwin-Austen, 1914 are treated as subgenera of by Gude (1921). We apply Gude’s (1921) generic categories.

The name of the type species of J.E. Gray, 1850, by original designation Férussac, 1838, is a junior homonym of Draparnaud, 1805 (). Therefore, it has been replaced by Venmans, 1956.

Some authors attribute authorship of to Hutton such as Pfeiffer (1846), Nevill (1878), Hanley and Theobald (1878) but without indicating the publication year. Hutton’s name was, however, a manuscript name of no nomenclatural standing. Gude (1921) and Tarruella and Domènech (2011) were correct in assigning authorship to ‘Pfeiffer’.

Seven subgenera have been recognized within (Kobelt 1902, Kuroda 1928): Kuroda, 1928, Benson, 1849, Möllendorff, 1895, Möllendorff, 1898, Semper, 1865, Möllendorff, 1898, and Möllendorff, 1885.

is endemic to the Western Ghats (Raheem et al. 2014). Hence, the identification of the Nepalese specimens by Kuznetsov and Schileyko (1997) needs to be verified.

In the original description of Benson (in Hutton and Benson 1838) distinguished this species from the European fossil species by ‘the rounder and more reflected orange peristome, and by its central position at the base, as well as by the delicate sculpture, and an embossed spiral cord which winds from above the umbilicus to the base, whence the species has received the trivial appellation of ‘Funiculalum’. It is the first known Indian species belonging to pupaeform or subcylindric division of ’. Sowerby (1850) changed the spelling ‘’ to ‘’ without giving any reason. Gude (1921) considered Benson’s (1838) ‘’ to be a nomen nudum because of the spelling error (, laps). Many authors have used ‘’ (e.g. Gray in Baird 1850, Pfeiffer 1853, Hanley and Theobald 1870, Nevill 1878, Kobelt and Möllendorff 1897, Gude 1921, Ramakrishna et al. 2010). This was, however, an unjustified emendation (ICZN Article 32.2, 32.3) and thus Benson’s name stands. Nepalese specimens differ in possessing a whitish, instead of orange peristome, but the significance of this is unknown.

Gredler, 1888 was originally described from China, “aus Hupe” (type locality), which is the Chinese Province Hubei (= Hupeh) (See Zilch 1974). The correct publication year is ‘1888’ instead of ‘1887’ as is sometimes mentioned (e.g. Zilch 1974, Nesemann et al. 2007). In Nepal, this species was recorded from two different localities, viz. Kavre District by Nesemann et al. (2007) and Langtang National Park-Syabru by Kuznetsov and Schileyko (1997). PB checked specimens from these two localities (Nesemann’s specimen and an image of Kuznetsov and Schileyko 1997). The shells from these two localities differ by size, shape and sculpture and may be two distinct taxa.

shells collected by PB from Phulchowki, Shivapuri-Nagarjun and Langtang National Parks have very fine and strong radial ribs, as well as slender apical whorls. As such they differ from the shells of Nesemann et al. (2007), which are comparatively smooth and smaller. They are therefore, tentatively regarded as separate taxa. The Phulchowki specimen was also compared with images of Schileyko’s specimen from Langtang National Park deposited in ZMMU No. Lc-39251 and in Zilch (1974: Fig. 13). The peristome along the umbilicus region is more or less straight in the Phulchowki taxon, while it is strongly reflected in Schileyko’s .

According to Kennard (1942) the name was published in 1822, instead of 1821 as is often mentioned in the literature or 1823 as mentioned in Sherborn (1923: 230). The spelling ‘’ in e.g. Bössneck (2006) and Raheem et al. (2010) is erroneous.

The type locality of Pilsbry, 1921 was doubtfully recorded as Ava (Myanmar) in the Indian Museum (Nevill 1878). Pilsbry (1920-21) speculated that the holotype may have been collected in Nepal because he associated it with central Asian species. However, confirmed records are restricted to granite mountains between 2,000 and 2,800 m in northern Pakistan (Pokryszko et al. 2009).

Pilsbry (1920-21: 204) asserted that Benson, 1864 was collected in Nepal. If correct, Benson’s record would be the earliest scientific report of a land snail from Nepal (Budha 2005). Benson (1864: 139) gave the locality in Latin as ‘ad Tribeni Ghát fluminis Gogra’, but we have not been able to identify this locality, since ‘Tribeni’ refers to several localities where two rivers meet and ‘ghat’ refers either to a place where cremations take place or to sites where people cross a river along a trail by using locally made wooden boats. Godwin-Austen (1899: 260) expanded on Benson’s locality information ‘the typical specimens were found in the exuviae of the River Gogra at Tribeni Ghat. This river rises in the Tibetan plateau, and these shells may have been brought down thus from far back in the mountain range’. The downstream course of the Karnali river in Nepal is known as Gogra (= Ghaghara) in India immediately after the two branches of Karnali river meet at the Nepal-India border at Katarniya ghat, Uttar Pradesh, India. The confluence of Seti and Karnali river is called Tribeni which is approx. 100 km upstream (north) from the Nepal-India border. There is no clear evidence that William Theobald ever entered Nepal. However, Joseph Hooker, who was among the earliest Europeans to venture into Nepal to investigate its biota, did spend time with Theobald in India (Hooker 1854: 37, 57) and so it is possible that Hooker passed on samples of to Theobald.

Hutton and Benson (1838) attributed the authorship of to Hutton, but Gude (1914) and Ramakrishna et al. (2010) incorrectly cite ‘Benson’ while Sherborn (1927: 3062) cited ‘Hutton & Benson’, 1838 as authors.

was misidentified as by Schileyko and Kuznetsov (1997). Kuznetsov’s collections were recently reviewed and Schileyko and Balashov (2012) redescribed the samples as a new species.

The correct spelling is ‘’ and not ‘’ as some authors mention (e.g. Zilch 1959, Schileyko 1998).

The type locality of (L. Pfeiffer, 1846) is Nilgiris, South India. Although Kuznetsov and Schileyko (1997) reported this species from Nepal, they question whether the Himalayan species belongs to , though without suggesting an alternative generic placement.

Shortly after the description of PageBreak, Dr. Somsak Panha communicated that he and Dr. Chirasak Sutcharit (both Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand) noticed the conchological similarity between this species and Benson, 1848, type species of the camaenid genus W.T. Blanford, 1863. Further anatomical and DNA studies are needed to verify whether and are conspecific. Moreover, the family level affiliations of and remain to be assessed since the may not be monophyletic (e.g. Scott 1996) and the phylogenetic relationships of the are still poorly resolved (Wade et al. 2007). If is related or identical to , then it does not represent a pseudosigmurethrous orthurethran condition as was originally claimed by Budha et al. (2012). It would also mean that Budha & Mordan, 2012 will be a junior synonym of W.T. Blanford, 1863.

Nordsieck (1973) assigned Nepalese to the genus and this was followed by Raheem et al. (2010). Later, Nordsieck (2002) described the new subgenus Nordsieck, 2002 of the genus and grouped all Himalayan clausiliids in .

Although E African is distinguished from W African (Bequaert 1950, Mead 1995), both generic names have been applied to this species. This list follows Budha and Naggs (2008) and Raheem et al. (2010, 2014), who used at genus level for reasons further explained by Raheem et al. (2014).

is the name used in the original description but it has been variously spelled by different authors. Hermannsen (1846) emended it to , which was followed by Pilsbry and Tryon (1908–1909) and Gude (1914). has been placed on the official list of generic names (ICZN Opinion 335) and all other spellings are invalid.

Only a single shell was collected in Nepal (Baitadi District). It measures about 2 mm, has four whorls, and resembles .

Many subulinid genera, such as , , , and have been confusingly interpreted (Thompson 2011), even if they are conchologically relatively well-differentiated and anatomical data are available for several of them.

Baker (1935) erected as a subgenus of Strebel & Pfeiffer, 1882.

Schileyko and Kuznetsov (1997) identified a Nepalese specimen as (Sykes, 1898) from Annapurna Conservation Area. Sykes (1898) original combination was . Naggs and Raheem (2000) placed ‘’ under . Pilsbry and Tryon (1906) placed Sykes, 1898 under (Pfeiffer, 1852) as . Brodie and Barker (2011) and Bouchet and Cosel (1991) also placed ‘’ under . Some authors assign ‘’ to (e.g. Deisler and Abbott 1984, Nekola 2014). Griffiths and Florens (2006) suggested that is a junior synonym of . The type locality of this species is Mauritius. FN examined the syntype of and confirmed that it is identical with material identified as . It has been spread by commerce throughout the tropics but its native range is not known (Hanna 1966, Deisler and Abbott 1984).

As for subulinids in general, species have been confusingly interpreted and have been assigned variously to different genera such as , , and (although this latter may not even be a subulinid) (Naggs 1994).

We follow Bouchet and Rocroi (2005) and regard as a subfamily of the .

The relationships of are still unclear. Schileyko (1999) placed the genus in the Schileyko, 1999, together with Pilsbry, 1946, Pilsbry, 1906 and Godwin-Austen, 1920. Based on the half exposed reproductive parts of a specimen labeled as sp. Godwin-Austen (1920: 7) states ‘The very recent and extended knowledge of the animals of and shows that the two genera come next to each other....’ (Godwin-Austen (1920: 7). But the same specimen (NHM) from a lot of 3 specimens from Assam, leg. S.L. Hora, Godwin-Austen coll. (Acc. 1830), Reg. 20120113) examined by PB confirmed that it is closer to than to since it has an elongated flagellum. Because of its truncated columella, and elongately turreted shell, we provisionally retain in the .

Subba and Ghosh (2008) recorded sp. from E Nepal without a description or figure.

Although Martens (1860) designated Benson, 1850 as the type species of (e.g. Zilch 1959), the correct type species is L. Pfeiffer, 1845 (Gude 1914, Raheem et al. 2014). This is because is the type species (by monotypy) of the genus Albers, 1850, which is a junior homonym of Lamouroux, 1816 (). Therefore Albers, 1850 was replaced by Martens, 1860 and in such cases ICZN Art. 67.8 rules that the type species of the replaced genus name is automatically also the type species of the new genus name.

The type locality of is S India: Jaypore and Golconda Hills (Beddome 1906). Specimens from NE India (Darjeeling) were erroneously identified as by Gude (1914) and were subsequently assigned to (Reeve, 1850) by Godwin-Austen (1920). Nevertheless, later authors (Kuznetsov 1996, Dey and Mitra 2000, Ramakrishna et al. 2010) have followed Gude (1914). Raheem et al. (2014) consider to be a ‘nomen dubium’.

The distribution range of in this list is based on unpublished anatomical data of specimens from Nepal and Sri Lanka. For example, Dinarzarde Raheem’s unpublished figures of dissected specimen of (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) from Sri Lanka indicate that it belongs to because it has an elongated flagellum typical of .

Specimens of from Nepal were first described under the genus name Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1996. was subsequently synonymized with (Schileyko, 1999). However, Schileyko’s (1999) (Benson) from Nepal differs from Benson’s from the type locality, Khasi Hills NE India and is similar to Godwin-Austen’s Godwin-Austen, 1920. Khanal and Budha (2013) identified specimens of the same locality as Schileyko (1999; Balaju, Raniban, Nepal) as . Godwin-Austen (1920) gave a very confusing and conflicting account on and (p. 33 same animal characters including reproductive anatomy) but the distribution range of was recorded as westward from Bhutan to Sikkim and Darjeeling, whereas was recorded from the Khasi and Garo Hills (p. 11–12).

was originally described as Hutton, 1834 but Blanford and Godwin-Austen (1908) assigned it to H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855. The species has also been included in the Indo-Chinese streptaxid genus Kobelt, 1904. DNA sequence data, however, suggest that comes within (Rowson et al. 2011).

The record of (Benson, 1836) from Pegu (=Bamo, Myanmar) (Gude 1914: 81) is probably erroneous (Páll-Gergely et al. unpublished manuscript).

Kuznetsov and Schileyko (1997) recorded from Swoyambhunath temple forest area, but the material from this area may be a different species (Páll-Gergely et al. unpublished manuscript).

Some authors ‘1852’ as the publication year of (e.g. Godwin-Austen 1882, Blanford and Godwin-Austen 1908). Raheem et al. (2014) pointed out that part 20 p. 156 of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London was published in 1854, 1852 being the date when the proceedings were presented at the Society’s meetings (see Duncan 1937). Therefore this publication was preceded by Pfeiffer’s ‘ 1853 Monographia Heliceorum Viventium 3: 59’. So the correct publication year is 1853, not 1852.

According to Falkner et al. (2002) is a species complex.

The genus is assigned to the by Vaught (1989), to the by Riedel (1980) and to the by Anderson (2005). This later placement is followed in this list.

Cockerell (1891, 1893) published the name as ‘’ (plural), while in 1898 he corrected it to ‘’ (singular). However, according to Art 11.8 and 33.2.2 of ICZN, the publication date of the corrected name remains ‘1891’.

There is still much nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion with respect to the genus and its type species. This list follows Raheem et al. (2014) in applying the current genus-level interpretation of sensu Godwin-Austen (1883) with Benson in Godwin-Austen, 1883 as its type species.

According to Kiauta and Butot (1973) would be the most common land gastropod of Kathmandu Valley but so far PB has not recorded in this area. The most common land gastropod in the Kathmandu Valley is , because of its similar shell shape and size, may have been misidentified as .

Cockerell (1891, 1893) published the name as ‘’ (plural), while in 1898 he corrected it to ‘’ (singular). According to Art. 11.8 and 33.2.2 of the ICZN, the publication date of the corrected name remains ‘1891’.

The publication date of L. Pfeiffer is ‘1849’ not ‘1848’ as cited by some authors mention (e.g. Blanford and Godwin-Austen 1908, Schileyko 2003, Mitra et al. 2005, Ramakrishna et al. 2010). See Duncan (1937) for the publication date of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London part 16:107); see also Sherborn (1928).

shows a remarkable shell colour polymorphism that seems to correlate with altitude: at lower altitudes in C Nepal (Chitwan District) the body whorl of shells shows a dark brown band on a chocolate brown or white background. They co-occur with banded shells which are similar to mid hill specimens (PB, unpublished observations).

was originally assigned to the by Kuznetsov (1996) based on conchological features, but based on anatomical data Schileyko and Kuznetsov (1998b) re-assigned it to .

The type species ‘’ has been confusingly cited. Zilch (1960) mentions ‘ W.T. Blanford’, but Schileyko (2002) mentions ‘ Hanley and Theobald, 1875’. Godwin-Austen (1876) mentions ‘ Blanford’, whereas Blanford and Godwin-Austen (1908) list ‘ Blanford’ in the same book under its species description as ‘ H. & T. (Blf. MSS) ()’. We follow Coan and Kabat (2012) in referring the type species to as Hanley & Theobald, 1875.

The identification of Nepalese needs to be verified.

Schileyko and Frank (1994) and Kuznetsov and Schileyko (1997) reported from the neighbourhood of Kathmandu, Nepal. PB checked the syntypes in NHM and specimens available at RBINS and compared these with Nepalese shells and concluded that the Nepalese specimens belong to a different species.

Blanford and Godwin-Austen, 1908 is a junior homonym of Moore, 1887. Wenz, 1947 is a junior synonym of Laidlaw, 1932.

The subgeneric name Wiktor and Likharev, 1980 is a junior synonym of Godwin-Austen, 1914 (Wiktor 2001b).

Bössneck (2006) and Raheem et al. (2010) misspelled the genus name as .

Although Heynemann, 1863 is the type species of Heynemann, 1863 (Zilch 1959, Wiktor et al. 2000), Wiktor (2001a) proposed to replace it by Theobald, 1862, because he regarded Heynemann, 1863 as a ‘nomen dubium’. For the time being, we nevertheless maintain as the type species as Simroth (1901) did provide anatomical data, including figures of .

Three paratypes of from Langtang National Park in fact belong to viz. one specimen from ‘Chandrabar (= Chandanbari), 3,300 m a.s.l., fir forest’ and two specimens from ‘Gosainkund, 4,200 m a.s.l.’ both collected on 27.09.1981 by A. Kuska (see Wiktor 2001a) (A. Wiktor, pers.comm. 13.10.2009). This was confirmed by their reproductive anatomy (with its typical spines inside the penis) examined by PB.

Wiktor et al. (2000) figured the reproductive anatomy of (Stoliczka, 1873) and (Benson, 1842) based on Chinese specimens but found no clear differences and hence were undecided as to whether or not is a distinct species. The reproductive organs of a specimen from Nepal resemble those of Chinese .

was described on the basis of a few juvenile shells by Schileyko and Kuznetsov (1998a), its anatomy is unknown.

Subba and Ghosh (2008) misspelled this species name as .

The correct spelling is ‘’ (Raheem et al. 2014; see Pfeiffer 1842: 82), not ‘’ as mentioned by e.g. Zilch (1960) and Schileyko (2004).

was placed in the subgenus of the genus by Ramakrishna et al. (2010). However, these two taxa were treated as distinct genera by Preston (1914), Gude (1914), and Schileyko (2004).