Advances and perspectives in nanoprobes for noninvasive lymph node mapping.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is now being well accepted as a practical approach to determine axillary lymph node status. For SLN biopsy, the mapping of SLN is an important procedure. However, blue dyes and radioactive colloids used for clinical SLN mapping are associated with a few issues such as adverse side effects and short retention time in SLN. In recent years, nanoscale probes for noninvasive SLN mapping have received attention due to their adaptable synthesis methods, adjustable optical properties and good biocompatibility. This review thoroughly summarizes the design of the nanoprobes and their properties in SLN mapping. The aim is to understand the status of nanomaterials for SLN mapping, challenging work and potential clinical translation in the future.