Postoperative nausea and vomiting - a narrative review of pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy and clinical management strategies.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications concerning patients undergoing general anesthesia. Intensive research was performed during the last two decades in order to develop therapeutic and prophylactic strategies to prevent this complication. AREAS COVERED: This article reviews the pathophysiology as well as pharmacological aspects of PONV prophylaxis and treatment. Relevant strategic aspects for pharmacological prophylaxis of PONV are discussed and clinical standard operating procedures are presented. EXPERT OPINION: The expert opinion focuses on poor implementation of actual PONV guidelines and future considerations.