Yangding Li1, Kai Yuan2, Chenxi Cai1, Dan Feng1, Junsen Yin1, Yanzhi Bi1, Sha Shi1, Dahua Yu3, Chenwang Jin4, Karen M von Deneen1, Wei Qin1, Jie Tian5. 1. School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China. 2. School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China. Electronic address: yuankai@life.xidian.edu.cn. 3. Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, PR China. 4. Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China. 5. School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China. Electronic address: tian@ieee.org.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Smoking during early adulthood results in neurophysiological and brain structural changes that may promote nicotine dependence later in life. Previous studies have revealed the important roles of fronto-striatal circuits in the pathology of nicotine dependence; however, few studies have focused on both cortical thickness and subcortical striatal volume differences between young adult smokers and nonsmokers. METHODS: Twenty-seven young male adult smokers and 22 age-, education- and gender-matched nonsmokers were recruited in the present study. The cortical thickness and striatal volume differences of young adult smokers and age-matched nonsmokers were investigated in the present study and then correlated with pack-years and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS: The following results were obtained: (1) young adult smokers showed significant cortical thinning in the frontal cortex (left caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)), left insula, left middle temporal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, and right parahippocampus; (2) in regards to subcortical striatal volume, the volume of the right caudate was larger in young adult smokers than nonsmokers; and (3) the cortical thickness of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and OFC were associated with nicotine dependence severity (FTND) and cumulative amount of nicotine intake (pack-years) in smokers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed reduced frontal cortical thickness and increased caudate volume in the fronto-striatal circuits in young adult smokers compared to nonsmokers. These deficits suggest an imbalance between cognitive control (reduced protection factors) and reward drive behaviours (increased risk factors) associated with nicotine addiction and relapse.
BACKGROUND: Smoking during early adulthood results in neurophysiological and brain structural changes that may promote nicotine dependence later in life. Previous studies have revealed the important roles of fronto-striatal circuits in the pathology of nicotine dependence; however, few studies have focused on both cortical thickness and subcortical striatal volume differences between young adult smokers and nonsmokers. METHODS: Twenty-seven young male adult smokers and 22 age-, education- and gender-matched nonsmokers were recruited in the present study. The cortical thickness and striatal volume differences of young adult smokers and age-matched nonsmokers were investigated in the present study and then correlated with pack-years and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS: The following results were obtained: (1) young adult smokers showed significant cortical thinning in the frontal cortex (left caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)), left insula, left middle temporal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, and right parahippocampus; (2) in regards to subcortical striatal volume, the volume of the right caudate was larger in young adult smokers than nonsmokers; and (3) the cortical thickness of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and OFC were associated with nicotine dependence severity (FTND) and cumulative amount of nicotine intake (pack-years) in smokers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed reduced frontal cortical thickness and increased caudate volume in the fronto-striatal circuits in young adult smokers compared to nonsmokers. These deficits suggest an imbalance between cognitive control (reduced protection factors) and reward drive behaviours (increased risk factors) associated with nicotine addiction and relapse.
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