Synthesis and detection the oxidization of Co cores of Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles by in situ XRD and EXAFS.

In this paper, the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by the sol-gel method. The oxidization of Co core nanoparticles was studied by the synchrotron radiation-based techniques including in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) up to 800°C in air and N2 protection conditions, respectively. It was found that the oxidization of Co cores is undergoing three steps regardless of being in air or in N2 protection condition. In the first step ranging from room temperature to 200°C, the Co cores were dominated by Co(0) state as well as small amount of Co(2+) ions. When temperature was above 300°C, the interface between Co cores and SiO2 shells was gradually oxidized into Co(2+), and the CoO layer was observed. As the temperature increasing to 800°C, the Co cores were oxidized to Co3O4 or Co3O4/CoO. Nevertheless, the oxidization kinetics of Co cores is different for the Co@SiO2 in air and N2 gas conditions. Generally, the O2 in the air could get through the SiO2 shells easily onto the Co core surface and induce the oxidization of the Co cores due to the mesoporous nature of the SiO2 shells. However, in N2 gas condition, the O atoms can only be from the SiO2 shells, so the diffusion effect of O atoms in the interface between Co core and SiO2 shell plays a key role.

Background

In the past years, nanomaterials have been attracted extensive interests due to their unique properties and potential applications in chemistry, physics, biology, and catalysis. For example, magnetic nanoparticles have potential applications in catalyst, resonance imaging, drug targeting, and bio-conjugation. However, the magnetic nanoparticles can be oxidized easily in atmosphere and thus limiting the applications of these nanomaterials [1-3].

Recently, a series of supported cobalt or cobalt oxide materials such as Co/Al2O3, Co/κ-Al2O3, Co/SiO2, and Co/TiO2 have been studied for catalysis. The most famous application of the Co/SiO2 and Co/Al2O3 catalysts is for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [4-8]. W. Ma and T. Das investigated the influence of support type and cobalt cluster size on the kinetics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of Co/SiO2 catalysts, and the kinetic results demonstrated that the Fischer-Tropsch reaction exhibited some structure sensitivity to the kinetic effect of water with respect to support type and Co cluster size [5,6]. A. M. Saib studied the surface oxidation behavior of the nanosized cobalt crystallites (4 to 5 nm) of Co/SiO2/Si(100) model catalyst using in situ near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) under model Fischer-Tropsch synthesis conditions. No surface oxidation of cobalt was observed under these model FTS conditions over a wide temperature range, i.e., 150°C to 400°C [7]. The Co/SiO2 materials can be used as catalyst for hydrogen generation as well [9]. In general, it has been reported that the Co3O4 particles were more readily reduced to metallic cobalt in H2 than the Co2+ species. After reduction at 480°C in H2, the CO hydrogenation activity in ten atmospheres of 3H2:1CO at 260°C with supported 5 wt% cobalt decreased as the order of Co/SiO2 > Co/TiO2 > Co/Al2O3 > Co/κ-Al2O3. Therefore, the determination of the types of cobalt species present on each support and their reduction properties was to the key points to explain the catalysts' CO hydrogenation activities [10].

Different strategies have been proposed for the preparation of Co/oxide core-shell nanoparticles. X. J. Yin and X. Lu have synthesized the Co/SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles using the novel aqueous solution method and improved sol-gel method combining with hydrogen reduction, and they also found that the saturation magnetization and coercivity varies with the SiO2 content. The size and the saturation magnetization value of samples decreased with the increase of the SiO2 content [11,12]. In order to protect the oxidation of magnetic nanoparticles, an inert shell onto the magnetic core nanoparticles could be an elegant approach. V. Salgueiriño-Maceira et al. reported a sol-gel method to synthesize the Co nanoparticles which are coated with a protective silica layer and then using the standard Stŏber (by adding the tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) into aqueous/ethanolic solution) method to obtain the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles. They have also reported the first synthesis of unique silica-coated chains of 32-nm cobalt nanoparticles resembling nanoscale pearl necklaces in colloidal suspension under magnetic stirring. This phenomenon was attributed to the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between neighbor particles [13,14]. Up to now, there are many magnetic core-shell materials which have been made including Fe2O3@SiO2/Ag, Fe3O4@SiO2, Fe3O4@SnO2, Co@SiO2, Pt@CoO, FePt@SiO2, Fe3O4@Au, Fe2O3-CdSe@SiO2, and Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 [15-23]. For example, the Fe3O4@SiO2 is a common magnetic core-shell nanoparticle. The core particle Fe3O4 can be used in resonance imaging, whereas the shell layer is mesoporous SiO2, which can provide enough space for additive and can be used for loading particles to adsorb or isolate protein and antibody. Moreover, through the surface modification of the shell layer by adsorbing noble metal nanoparticles, the core-shell system can be used for catalyst, luminescence imaging, and photodynamic therapy [24].

However, the stability and thermal properties of Co@SiO2 under high temperature have not been completely studied. In this paper, the in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques are used to probe the properties of Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles with temperature up to 800°C.

Methods

Chemical reagents

Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2 · 6H2O), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), sodium citrate dehydrate, and anhydrous ethanol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd., China. TEOS and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. All reagents were used as received. Deionized water was distilled by a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA).

Preparation of Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles

Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by V. Salgueiriño-Maceira's method [13,14]. Firstly, citrate stabilized Co nanoparticles were prepared from the conventional NaBH4 reduction of CoCl2 · 6H2O. In a typical procedure, under vigorous stirring and N2 protection, 0.2 mL of 0.4 M CoCl2 solution was added quickly into 200 mL water which contains 4 × 10−3 M NaBH4 and 4 × 10−4 M sodium citrate. The solution turned brown or black immediately after mixing. Secondly, 800 mL ethanol with 14.4 μL APS and 169 μL TEOS was added into the above solution after 1 min and then kept stirring at least 24 h to complete the reaction. Finally, the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were separated by centrifugation and dried in air for further investigation.

Transmission electron microscopy

Bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation was performed on a JEM 1230 electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Akishima-shi, Japan) operated at 80 kV. The specimens were prepared by dropping the Co@SiO2 solution onto a carbon-coated TEM grid. After the specimens were dried in air, they were used for the TEM observation.

Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy

During the preparation of Co@SiO2 nanoparticles, the color of the solution changing from colorless to brown was observed, indicating that the Co2+ ions have been reduced to Co nanoparticles. Moreover, in the period of silica-coating procedure, the surround mediate of Co nanoparticles changed which could inflect the absorption cross section. So we used the Nicolet Evolution 300 spectrophotometer (Thermal Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) to invest the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy of the reaction solution. The wavelength range is 190 ~ 1,100 nm.

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements

Transmission EXAFS measurements of Co K edge (7,709 eV) were performed at the beamline 4B9A of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF). The storage ring was operated at 2.5 GeV with current about 200 mA. The EXAFS signals in the energy range from 7,589 to 8,709 eV were collected with two ionization chambers filled with 100% N2 gas. The incident X-ray was monochromatized with a double-crystal Si (111) monochromator to an energy resolution (ΔE/E) of 2 × 10−4. In order to take in situ EXAFS measurements, the Co@SiO2 should mix with BN powder and was pressed into a pill of 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness (d). By adjusting the ratio of Co@SiO2 and BN in the mixture, the absorption thickness (Δμ · d) was optimized to one, where Δμ is the difference of Co absorption coefficients after and before the Co K absorption edge (7,709 eV). Then, the pill was placed on the sample holder which can be inserted into the heating furnace. The temperature uncertainty can be controlled within ±0.1°C with an 818 temperature controller. During heating the sample, the heating rate was set to 10°C/min. The room temperature EXAFS spectrum was first collected, and subsequently, the high-temperature EXAFS spectra were orderly collected in the temperature range from 100°C to 800°C with a temperature interval of 100°C. Before EXAFS measurements at each target temperature, the sample was heat preserved at least 30 min to ensure the sample reaching a thermal equilibrium. In order to invest the influence of reaction atmosphere's to Co oxidation process, we made the EXAFS measurements under air and N2 conditions.

X-ray diffraction measurements

In situ XRD of the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles was measured at the beamline 4B9A-XRD of BSRF using an image plate. The diffraction signals were collected after the EXAFS measurements at each target temperature. As same as the EXAFS, the temperature range is 25°C ~ 800°C.

Results and discussion

The TEM image of the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles is shown in Figure 1. Most of the Co@SiO2 nanoparticles with ~50 nm diameter contain multiple Co cores, but the Co cores are separated from each other. According to the TEM image, the average diameter of Co cores is evaluated to be about 20 nm. The obtained Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles are different from the previous work [13,14] which may be due to the different reaction conditions, such as the rate of protect N2 gas and stirring rate.

Figure 1

TEM image of the as-prepared Co@SiO core-shell nanoparticles.

Figure 2 shows the UV-vis spectroscopy during the reaction process. The initial CoCl2 solution exhibits a high absorption peak at 510 nm (blue line), which is disappeared immediately after the addition of NaBH4 solution. In the meantime, there are two weak absorption peaks at 230 and 280 nm which belong to the Co nanoparticles (yellow line). Based on these results, it reveals that the Co nanoparticles are synthesized immediately after the addition of NaBH4 solution. The UV-vis spectroscopy of Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles after the addition of APS and TEOS (red line) was measured as well (cf. Figure 2). No significant change from the Co nanoparticles was observed, except the higher intensities of the absorption peaks. This is because that the SiO2 shell could change the dielectric constant around Co cores and thus increases the absorption intensities.

Figure 2

UV-vis spectra of solution during synthesis time.

In order to invest the structure changes during the heating process, combining in situ XRD and EXAFS techniques were performed. Figure 3 shows the results of the in situ XRD measurements. Figure 3a,b represents the measurements in air and N2 atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the sample in Figure 3b is the mixture of Co@SiO2 and BN powders. No diffraction peaks were observed in spite of being in air or N2 atmosphere when the temperature was below 800°C, indicating that the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles are maintained amorphously. However, when the temperature is above 800°C, SiO2 and Co3O4 crystals were clearly observed (Figure 3). It is worth noting that the SiO2 shells could not protect the Co cores from oxidizing to Co3O4, which can be demonstrated in the following EXAFS analysis.

Figure 3

XRD patterns of Co@SiO nanoparticles with temperature (multiplication sign) β-SiO , (black diamond) Co O . (a) Air condition and (b) N2 gas protection condition.

To characterize the structure change of Co cores of the nanoparticles, in situ EXAFS technique was used to probe the local atomic structures of Co in the Co@SiO2 nanoparticles. In situ EXAFS spectra of the Co K edge were fitted with the following EXAFS function [25-27]:

where j refers to the jth coordination shell, Nj is the coordination number of the jth shell, S02 is the amplitude reduction factor, F(k) is the element-specific backscattering amplitude, R is the average distance between the absorbing atom and the backscattering atoms in the jth shell, λ(k) is the mean free-path length of photoelectron, σ2 is the Debye-Waller factor, and ϕ(k) is the phase shift experienced by the photoelectron in the scattering process.

The post-edge background was removed by using a derivative method [28,29]. For the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles in air condition, the Fourier transforms were performed in the k range of 2.67 to 14.49 , and the first Co-Co and Co-O shells were isolated by Fourier filter with R range of about 1.10 to 2.70 . Figure 4 shows the Fourier-transformed k3-weighted EXAFS spectra of Co@SiO2 samples in air and N2 conditions. The amplitudes and phase shifts of Co-Co and Co-O atom pairs were extracted from theory spectra of CoO which was calculated by FEFF 8.0 [26]. For fitting the EXAFS spectra, we consider the peak around 1.5 to Co-O bonds and the peak around 2.4 to Co-Co bonds respectively. Therefore, the Co-O and Co-Co scattering paths were used to fit the spectra. The amplitude and phase shift of Co-O atom pair were calculated with FEFF 8.0 code, and the amplitude and phase shift of Co-Co were attracted from Co-foil EXAFS measurement. From the Figure 4a, two peaks were observed during the heating process, and Co-O and Co-Co bonds could fit the spectra very well which were shown in Figure 5. It means that in air condition, the Co core nanoparticles were partially oxidized even at room temperature and then were gradually oxidized to Co3O4 with the temperature rising to 800°C. However, only one peak was indicated in the N2 gas condition when the temperature was below 400°C (Figure 4b). With further increase in temperature, the second peak appeared. Consequently, in N2 gas protection condition, the Co core nanoparticles could be oxidized to CoxOy when the temperature was above 400°C, and below that temperature, the Co core nanoparticles are dominated by Co0 state. Unfortunately, the EXAFS spectra of Co@SiO2 nanoparticles could not be fitted well by Co-O and Co-Co scattering paths. Nevertheless, they showed the same trend as in the air condition.

Figure 4

Phase-uncorrected Fourier transform spectra of Co K-edge EXAFS signals with temperature. (a) Air condition and (b) N2 gas protection condition.

Figure 5

Fitting results of Co K-edge -weighted EXAFS spectra. (a) to (h) figures show the fitting results of Co K edge k -weighted EXAFS spectra of Co@SiO2 nanoparticles in air condition.

Comparing the measurements in Figure 4a,b, we can make a conclusion that the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles can be oxidized to Co3O4, in spite of the protection of SiO2 shell. In other words, the SiO2 shell cannot protect the Co nanoparticles from being oxidized to Co3O4, but they could exhibit different behaviors in the air and N2 gas conditions. For the nanoparticles in air condition, the O2 in air can get onto the Co cores easily because the SiO2 shell is in mesoporous state. So even at room temperature, the Co core nanoparticles could be oxidized to CoO which were demonstrated by EXAFS and XANES measurements. In the first step, only the surface atoms of Co cores were oxidized by O2. As the temperature increases up to 300°C, the organic ligands leave off the Co core surface, and the Co surface were oxidized to CoO. With further increase in temperature, the CoO layer increased, which was reflected from the k space of XAFS spectra (Figure 5), and Figure 5a to h shows the fitting results of Co K edge k-weighted EXAFS spectra of Co@SiO2 nanoparticles in air condition. Finally, the Co core nanoparticles were oxidized thoroughly to Co3O4 when temperature reaches 800°C. Figure 6 gives the diagrammatic sketch of this procedure.

Figure 6

Schematic illustration of oxidization of Co cores of Co@SiO nanoparticles in air condition.

Figure 7 gives the diagrammatic sketch of the oxidation procedure in the N2 gas protection condition. The oxidization of Co core is much different from that in air condition. No exotic O atoms come into the Co@SiO2 during the heating process. Thus, the O atoms could only be from the SiO2 shells. At low temperature, there is no or seldom Co-O bond existing in the system and the Co-Co bond is dominant. When the temperature was above 300°C, the diffusion effect of O at the Co core surface becomes obvious, and a Co-O band layer will be formed at the interface between Co cores and SiO2 shells, which is demonstrated by XAFS in k space (cf. Figure 8b). With further increase in temperature, a lot of O atoms in SiO2 shell could diffuse into the Co cores and resulting in the increase of the Co-O layer. In the Figure 4b, a peak around 1.5 appeared corresponding to the Co-O bond. The m-SiO2 shell makes phase transition to β-SiO2 around 600°C; it is well known that the O becomes active during the phase transition process, so the diffusion of O into Co core is much faster, and leading further oxidization of the Co core. According to Figures 4b and 8b, the Co nanoparticles are likely oxidized to CoO/Co3O4 composite because the O and Si are in stoichiometric equal (Si:O = 1:2) in SiO2 shell.

Figure 7

Schematic illustration of oxidization of Co cores of Co@SiO nanoparticles in N protection.

Figure 8

EXAFS ( ) function of Co K edge of Co@SiO nanoparticles in air (a) and in N gas condition (b).

For fitting the EXAFS spectra of Co@SiO2 in N2 gas protection, the signal around 1.5 was also considered to be from the CoSi2, but no reasonable fitting parameters can be obtained. However, the formation of CoSi2 during the heating and annealing process could not be excluded, accounting into the trace amount of which cannot be identified by XAFS technique.

In order to describe the oxidization process precisely, the Co K-edge k3-weighted Fourier transformed function was studied as shown in Figure 8. We can observe that in the range of , the oxidization procedure can be divided into three steps in spite of being in air and N2 gas conditions. From room temperature to 200°C, the Co core is mostly in Co0 and may exist some amount of Co2+. As the temperature increases to 600°C, the Co core is oxidized to Co2+ gradually. When temperature is higher than 800°C, the Co core is transformed into Co3O4 thoroughly (in air) or partially (in N2 gas, CoO/Co3O4 complex).

Conclusions

In summary, the Co@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles were prepared, and in situ XRD and EXAFS techniques were used to detect the oxidization process of the Co core with temperature increases to 800°C in both air and N2 gas conditions. We find that there are three steps during the heating program control temperature procedure in spite of being in air or in N2 gas protection. In the first step from room temperature to 200°C, the Co cores are mainly in Co0 state as well as some amount of Co2+ ions. When temperature is above 300°C, the interface between Co core and SiO2 shell is gradually oxidized into Co2+, and the CoO layer appears. With temperature increases to 800°C, the Co cores are oxidized to Co3O4 or Co3O4/CoO. Nevertheless, the oxidization kinetics of Co cores is strongly influenced by gas condition. In the air condition, the O2 in the air could get through easily onto the surface of the Co cores and induces the oxidization of the Co cores due to mesoporous nature of SiO2 shells. In the case of N2 gas condition, the O atoms could only come from the SiO2 shells, so the diffusion effect of O atoms at the interface between Co core and SiO2 shell is the main factor. Our current work could provide some hints to study the stability property of core-shell nanoparticles at high temperature.