Caroline Lustenberger1,2, Flavia Wehrle3,4, Laura Tüshaus5,2, Peter Achermann5,2,4,6, Reto Huber1,7,2,4,6,8. 1. University Children's Hospital Zurich, Child Development Center, Zurich, Switzerland. 2. Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 3. University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. 4. Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 5. University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich, Switzerland. 6. Zurich Center for Interdisciplinary Sleep Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 7. University Children's Hospital Zurich, Children Research Center, Switzerland. 8. University Clinics for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Several studies proposed a link between sleep spindles and sleep dependent memory consolidation in declarative learning tasks. In addition to these state-like aspects of sleep spindles, they have also trait-like characteristics, i.e., were related to general cognitive performance, an important distinction that has often been neglected in correlative studies. Furthermore, from the multitude of different sleep spindle measures, often just one specific aspect was analyzed. Thus, we aimed at taking multidimensional aspects of sleep spindles into account when exploring their relationship to word-pair memory consolidation. DESIGN: Each subject underwent 2 study nights with all-night high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Sleep spindles were automatically detected in all EEG channels. Subjects were trained and tested on a word-pair learning task in the evening, and retested in the morning to assess sleep related memory consolidation (overnight retention). Trait-like aspects refer to the mean of both nights and state-like aspects were calculated as the difference between night 1 and night 2. SETTING: Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty healthy male subjects (age: 23.3 ± 2.1 y). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Overnight retention was negatively correlated with trait-like aspects of fast sleep spindle density and positively with slow spindle density on a global level. In contrast, state-like aspects were observed for integrated slow spindle activity, which was positively related to the differences in overnight retention in specific regions. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the importance of a multidimensional approach when investigating the relationship between sleep spindles and memory consolidation and thereby provide a more complete picture explaining divergent findings in the literature.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Several studies proposed a link between sleep spindles and sleep dependent memory consolidation in declarative learning tasks. In addition to these state-like aspects of sleep spindles, they have also trait-like characteristics, i.e., were related to general cognitive performance, an important distinction that has often been neglected in correlative studies. Furthermore, from the multitude of different sleep spindle measures, often just one specific aspect was analyzed. Thus, we aimed at taking multidimensional aspects of sleep spindles into account when exploring their relationship to word-pair memory consolidation. DESIGN: Each subject underwent 2 study nights with all-night high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Sleep spindles were automatically detected in all EEG channels. Subjects were trained and tested on a word-pair learning task in the evening, and retested in the morning to assess sleep related memory consolidation (overnight retention). Trait-like aspects refer to the mean of both nights and state-like aspects were calculated as the difference between night 1 and night 2. SETTING: Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty healthy male subjects (age: 23.3 ± 2.1 y). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Overnight retention was negatively correlated with trait-like aspects of fast sleep spindle density and positively with slow spindle density on a global level. In contrast, state-like aspects were observed for integrated slow spindle activity, which was positively related to the differences in overnight retention in specific regions. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the importance of a multidimensional approach when investigating the relationship between sleep spindles and memory consolidation and thereby provide a more complete picture explaining divergent findings in the literature.
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