Nehama Goldberger1, Ziona Haklai1, Inna Pugachova2, Itzhak Levav3. 1. Health Information Division, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel. 2. Department of Information and Evaluation, Mental Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel. 3. Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Persons with severe mental disorders have higher suicide rates than the general population. Their risk profile needs to be fully explored to better guide suicide preventive efforts. Downsizing the number of beds in psychiatric hospitals and high bed turnover may also affect the suicide risk. OBJECTIVES: To investigate 1) Suicide rates among persons who were ever hospitalized in psychiatric facilities compared to the general population, 2) Associated sociodemographic and psychiatric factors, 3) Changes in rate over time, and 4) Timing of suicide deaths. METHODS: We linked the National Psychiatric Case Register (NPCR) with the national database on causes of death. Suicides in the years 1981-2009 were analyzed for the study group of Israelis aged 18 and over ever hospitalized (N= 158,800). ANALYSIS: Suicide rates were computed by age, gender, psychiatric diagnosis and year of death, as well as agestandardized rates and rate ratios (RR) for persons in the NPCR compared with those never hospitalized. The proportion of suicides committed by the ever hospitalized from all suicides in the population was calculated. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for suicide were computed for the ever hospitalized based on the total suicide rates of the population. A multivariate logistic model investigated risk factors associated with suicide in the ever-hospitalized population. RESULTS: The age-standardized suicide rate of Jews and Others with a psychiatric hospitalization was 17.6 times higher than that of the non-hospitalized (95% CI 16.7-18.6) and 29.7 times higher for Arabs (95% CI 23.4- 37.9). The rates were higher among females and younger persons. In the years 2007-2009, 30% of all suicides of Jews and Others were committed by persons who had been hospitalized in psychiatric facilities. The SMRs of Jews and Others, which increased at the beginning of the study period, fell steadily until 1995. In recent years they have been rising since 2000 and 2005 among females and males, respectively. One fifth (19%) of suicides of Jews and Others occurred before or on the discharge day, and another 6% and 7% within a week and between a week and a month after discharge, respectively. Logistic analysis showed significantly higher suicide risk for males, those who attempted suicide before hospitalization, persons under age 65 and Ethiopian immigrants. Suicide risk increased with number of hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of suicide prevention interventions for persons both during their inpatient stay and who were expected to be followed up in community-based facilities.
BACKGROUND:Persons with severe mental disorders have higher suicide rates than the general population. Their risk profile needs to be fully explored to better guide suicide preventive efforts. Downsizing the number of beds in psychiatric hospitals and high bed turnover may also affect the suicide risk. OBJECTIVES: To investigate 1) Suicide rates among persons who were ever hospitalized in psychiatric facilities compared to the general population, 2) Associated sociodemographic and psychiatric factors, 3) Changes in rate over time, and 4) Timing of suicide deaths. METHODS: We linked the National Psychiatric Case Register (NPCR) with the national database on causes of death. Suicides in the years 1981-2009 were analyzed for the study group of Israelis aged 18 and over ever hospitalized (N= 158,800). ANALYSIS: Suicide rates were computed by age, gender, psychiatric diagnosis and year of death, as well as agestandardized rates and rate ratios (RR) for persons in the NPCR compared with those never hospitalized. The proportion of suicides committed by the ever hospitalized from all suicides in the population was calculated. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for suicide were computed for the ever hospitalized based on the total suicide rates of the population. A multivariate logistic model investigated risk factors associated with suicide in the ever-hospitalized population. RESULTS: The age-standardized suicide rate of Jews and Others with a psychiatric hospitalization was 17.6 times higher than that of the non-hospitalized (95% CI 16.7-18.6) and 29.7 times higher for Arabs (95% CI 23.4- 37.9). The rates were higher among females and younger persons. In the years 2007-2009, 30% of all suicides of Jews and Others were committed by persons who had been hospitalized in psychiatric facilities. The SMRs of Jews and Others, which increased at the beginning of the study period, fell steadily until 1995. In recent years they have been rising since 2000 and 2005 among females and males, respectively. One fifth (19%) of suicides of Jews and Others occurred before or on the discharge day, and another 6% and 7% within a week and between a week and a month after discharge, respectively. Logistic analysis showed significantly higher suicide risk for males, those who attempted suicide before hospitalization, persons under age 65 and Ethiopian immigrants. Suicide risk increased with number of hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance of suicide prevention interventions for persons both during their inpatient stay and who were expected to be followed up in community-based facilities.