NaCl-elicited, vacuolar Ca(2+) release facilitates prolonged cytosolic Ca(2+) signaling in the salt response of Populus euphratica cells.

High environmental salt elicits an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]cyt) in plants, which is generated by extracellular Ca(2+) influx and Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores, such as vacuole and endoplasmic reticulum. This study aimed to determine the physiological mechanisms underlying Ca(2+) release from vacuoles and its role in ionic homeostasis in Populus euphratica. In vivo Ca(2+) imaging showed that NaCl treatment induced a rapid elevation in [Ca(2+)]cyt, which was accompanied by a subsequent release of vacuolar Ca(2+). In cell cultures, NaCl-altered intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization was abolished by antagonists of inositol (1, 4, 5) trisphosphate (IP3) and cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) signaling pathways, but not by slow vacuolar (SV) channel blockers. Furthermore, the NaCl-induced vacuolar Ca(2+) release was dependent on extracellular ATP, extracellular Ca(2+) influx, H2O2, and NO. In vitro Ca(2+) flux recordings confirmed that IP3, cADPR, and Ca(2+) induced substantial Ca(2+) efflux from intact vacuoles, but this vacuolar Ca(2+) flux did not directly respond to ATP, H2O2, or NO. Moreover, the IP3/cADPR-mediated vacuolar Ca(2+) release enhanced the expression of salt-responsive genes that regulated a wide range of cellular processes required for ion homeostasis, including cytosolic K(+) maintenance, Na(+) and Cl(-) exclusion across the plasma membrane, and Na(+)/H(+) and Cl(-)/H(+) exchanges across the vacuolar membrane.