Yining Huang1, Vijay K Sharma2, Thompson Robinson3, Richard I Lindley4, Xiaoying Chen4, Jong Sung Kim5, Pablo Lavados6,7, Verónica Olavarría6, Hisatomi Arima4, Sully Fuentes4, Huy Thang Nguyen8, Tsong-Hai Lee9, Mark W Parsons10, Christopher Levi10, Andrew M Demchuk11, Philip M W Bath12, Joseph P Broderick13, Geoffrey A Donnan14, Sheila Martins15, Octavio M Pontes-Neto16, Federico Silva17, Jeyaraj Pandian18, Stefano Ricci19, Christian Stapf20, Mark Woodward4, Jiguang Wang21, John Chalmers4, Craig S Anderson4. 1. Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China. 2. Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital and YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 3. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester University, Leicester, UK. 4. The George Institute for Global Health, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 5. Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea. 6. Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile. 7. Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 8. Stroke Unit, People's 115 Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 9. Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. 10. John Hunter Hospital, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia. 11. Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 12. Stroke trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. 13. Departments of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine and Radiology, University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Institute, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. 14. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 15. Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 16. Stroke Service - Neurology Division, Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. 17. Fundación Cardiovascular, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 18. Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India. 19. Direttore, UO Neurologia, USL Umbria 1, Sedi di Città di Castello e Branca, Italy. 20. Department of Neurology, APHP - Hôpital Lariboisière and DHU NeuroVasc Paris - Sorbonne, Univ Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. 21. The Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Abstract
RATIONALE: Controversy exists over the optimal dose of intravenous (i.v.) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and degree of blood pressure (BP) control in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). Asian studies suggest low-dose (0·6 mg/kg) is more efficacious than standard-dose (0·9 mg/kg) i.v. rt-PA, and guidelines recommend reducing systolic BP to <185 mmHg before and <180 mmHg after use of i.v. rt-PA, despite observational studies indicating better outcomes at much lower (<140 mmHg) systolic BP levels in this patient group. AIMS: The study aims to assess in thrombolysis-eligible AIS patients whether: (i) low-dose (0·6 mg/kg body weight; maximum 60 mg) i.v. rt-PA has non-inferior efficacy and lower risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) compared to standard-dose (0·9 mg/kg body weight; maximum 90 mg) i.v. rt-PA; and (ii) early intensive BP lowering (systolic target 130-140 mmHg) has superior efficacy and lower risk of any ICH compared to guideline-recommended BP control (systolic target < 180 mmHg). DESIGN: The ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED) trial is an independent,2 × 2 quasi-factorial, active-comparison, prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint (PROBE), clinical trial that is evaluating Arm [A] 'rt-PA dose' and/or Arm [B] 'BP control', using central Internet randomization and data collection in patients fulfilling local criteria for thrombolysis and clinician uncertainty over the study treatments. The treatment arms will be analyzed separately. STUDY OUTCOMES: The primary study outcome in both trial Arms is death or disability according to the modified Rankin scale (mRS, scores 2-6) assessed at 90 days. Secondary outcomes include sICH, any ICH, a shift ('improvement') in function across mRS scores, separately on death and disability, early neurological deterioration, recurrent major vascular events, health-related quality of life, length of hospital stay, need for permanent residential care, and health care costs. RESULTS:Following launch of the trial in February 2012, the study has recruited more than 2500 patients across a global network of approximately 100 sites in 15 countries. The required sample sizes are 3300 for Arm [A] and 2300 for Arm [B], which will provide >90% power to detect non-inferiority of low-dose i.v. rt-PA and superiority of intensive BP lowering on the primary clinical outcome, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose i.v. rt-PA and early intensive BP lowering could provide more affordable and safer use of thrombolysis treatment for patients with AIS worldwide.
RCT Entities:
RATIONALE: Controversy exists over the optimal dose of intravenous (i.v.) recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and degree of blood pressure (BP) control in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). Asian studies suggest low-dose (0·6 mg/kg) is more efficacious than standard-dose (0·9 mg/kg) i.v. rt-PA, and guidelines recommend reducing systolic BP to <185 mmHg before and <180 mmHg after use of i.v. rt-PA, despite observational studies indicating better outcomes at much lower (<140 mmHg) systolic BP levels in this patient group. AIMS: The study aims to assess in thrombolysis-eligible AIS patients whether: (i) low-dose (0·6 mg/kg body weight; maximum 60 mg) i.v. rt-PA has non-inferior efficacy and lower risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH) compared to standard-dose (0·9 mg/kg body weight; maximum 90 mg) i.v. rt-PA; and (ii) early intensive BP lowering (systolic target 130-140 mmHg) has superior efficacy and lower risk of any ICH compared to guideline-recommended BP control (systolic target < 180 mmHg). DESIGN: The ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE stuDy (ENCHANTED) trial is an independent,2 × 2 quasi-factorial, active-comparison, prospective, randomized, open blinded endpoint (PROBE), clinical trial that is evaluating Arm [A] 'rt-PA dose' and/or Arm [B] 'BP control', using central Internet randomization and data collection in patients fulfilling local criteria for thrombolysis and clinician uncertainty over the study treatments. The treatment arms will be analyzed separately. STUDY OUTCOMES: The primary study outcome in both trial Arms is death or disability according to the modified Rankin scale (mRS, scores 2-6) assessed at 90 days. Secondary outcomes include sICH, any ICH, a shift ('improvement') in function across mRS scores, separately on death and disability, early neurological deterioration, recurrent major vascular events, health-related quality of life, length of hospital stay, need for permanent residential care, and health care costs. RESULTS: Following launch of the trial in February 2012, the study has recruited more than 2500 patients across a global network of approximately 100 sites in 15 countries. The required sample sizes are 3300 for Arm [A] and 2300 for Arm [B], which will provide >90% power to detect non-inferiority of low-dose i.v. rt-PA and superiority of intensive BP lowering on the primary clinical outcome, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose i.v. rt-PA and early intensive BP lowering could provide more affordable and safer use of thrombolysis treatment for patients with AIS worldwide.
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