Isabel Fernandez1, Abel Martin-Garrido1, Dennis W Zhou1, Roza E Clempus1, Bonnie Seidel-Rogol1, Alejandra Valdivia1, Bernard Lassègue1, Andrés J García1, Kathy K Griendling2, Alejandra San Martin1. 1. From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.). 2. From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.). kgriend@emory.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Focal adhesions (FAs) link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and as such play important roles in growth, migration, and contractile properties of vascular smooth muscle cells. Recently, it has been shown that downregulation of Nox4, a transforming growth factor (TGF) β-inducible, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing enzyme, affects the number of FAs. However, the effectors downstream of Nox4 that mediate FA regulation are unknown. The FA resident protein H2O2-inducible clone (Hic)-5 is H2O2 and TGFβ inducible, and a binding partner of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 27. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism, by which Hic-5 and Hsp27 participate in TGFβ-induced, Nox4-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and migration. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Through a combination of molecular biology and biochemistry techniques, we found that TGFβ, by a Nox4-dependent mechanism, induces the expression and interaction of Hic-5 and Hsp27, which is essential for Hic-5 localization to FAs. Importantly, we found that Hic-5 expression is required for the TGFβ-mediated increase in FA number, adhesive forces and migration. Mechanistically, Nox4 downregulation impedes Smad (small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic) signaling by TGFβ, and Hsp27 and Hic-5 upregulation by TGFβ is blocked in small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic 4-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS: Hic-5 and Hsp27 are effectors of Nox4 required for TGFβ-stimulated FA formation, adhesion strength and migration in vascular smooth muscle cell.
OBJECTIVE: Focal adhesions (FAs) link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and as such play important roles in growth, migration, and contractile properties of vascular smooth muscle cells. Recently, it has been shown that downregulation of Nox4, a transforming growth factor (TGF) β-inducible, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing enzyme, affects the number of FAs. However, the effectors downstream of Nox4 that mediate FA regulation are unknown. The FA resident protein H2O2-inducible clone (Hic)-5 is H2O2 and TGFβ inducible, and a binding partner of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 27. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism, by which Hic-5 and Hsp27 participate in TGFβ-induced, Nox4-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and migration. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Through a combination of molecular biology and biochemistry techniques, we found that TGFβ, by a Nox4-dependent mechanism, induces the expression and interaction of Hic-5 and Hsp27, which is essential for Hic-5 localization to FAs. Importantly, we found that Hic-5 expression is required for the TGFβ-mediated increase in FA number, adhesive forces and migration. Mechanistically, Nox4 downregulation impedes Smad (small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic) signaling by TGFβ, and Hsp27 and Hic-5 upregulation by TGFβ is blocked in small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic 4-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS:Hic-5 and Hsp27 are effectors of Nox4 required for TGFβ-stimulated FA formation, adhesion strength and migration in vascular smooth muscle cell.
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