Effects of age, sex, and menopausal status on blood cholesterol profile in the korean population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate age-specific and sex-specific distributions of blood cholesterol in the general Korean population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data for 8284 men and 9246 women aged ≥10 years who participated in the fifth (2010-2012) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Age-specific means, medians, and selected percentiles were calculated for men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women.
RESULTS: Median total cholesterol (TC) level increased with age across all age groups, from 147 to 196 mg/dL in males and from 159 to 210 mg/dL in females. Triglyceride (TG) levels increased with age in females; however, in males, TG levels rapidly increased during young adulthood, peaked at 50-54 years, and then decreased. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were higher in females than in males and decreased with increasing age in both males and females. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels increased with age across all age groups, from 89 to 127 mg/dL in males and from 82 to 113 mg/dL in females. Lipoprotein-cholesterol fraction (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, non-HDL-C) levels increased with age in females, but increased more rapidly in males during young adulthood and decreased after middle age.
CONCLUSION: Blood cholesterol levels and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions present different distributions by age, sex, and menopausal status.

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Korea, and its burden on society is steadily increasing due to an ageing population and worsening cardiovascular risk profiles. Elevation or imbalance in blood cholesterols is the most important cardiovascular risk factor. High levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) are recognized as significant contributing factors to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,1)2) and elevated low serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is asso-ciated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.3)4) Ratios of li-poprotein-cholesterol fractions, such as TC to HDL-C ratio (TC/HDL-C) or LDL-C to HDL-C ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C), are better than the ab-solute level of LDL-C at discriminating between individuals who are more or less likely to develop cardiovascular disease based on the results from previous studies.3)5)6) Thus, TC/HDL-C or LDL-C to HDL-C ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C) may prove to be a better marker for identifying and monitoring cardiovascular disease risk.7) Increasing evidence8)9) supports the theory that serum triglycerides (TG) may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Moreover, elevated TG and low HDL-C are basic characteristics of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, which are both strongly associated with cardiovascular disease.10)11) The TG/HDL-C, a relatively novel lipoprotein index, could serve as a good predictor of cardiovascular disease.12) At the same time, the non-HDL-C (calculated by subtracting HDL-C from TC) level provides a convenient measure of the cholesterol content of all atherogenic lipoproteins, and thus incorporates the potential risk for cardiovascular disease.13)

Many studies have investigated the prevalence of dyslipidemia.14)15)16) However, to date, no study has yet reported on the distributions of plasma lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions by age, sex, and menopausal status of Korean participants. Therefore, we investigated the distributions of TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions according to age, sex and menopausal status in the Korean population.

Subjects and Methods

Participants

This study was based on data obtained from the fifth (2010-2012) Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES). The KNHANES is performed annually with a stratified multistage probability cluster sample, which is designed to be representative of the entire population of South Korea.17) A total of 25534 individuals participated in the fifth KNHANES. Among these participants, we excluded individuals as follows: 1) aged <10 years; 2) taking lipid-lowering agents; 3) use of hormone replacement therapy within the last 12 months; and 4) lipid profiles that were not available. Finally, a total of 17530 subjects (8284 men and 9246 women) were analyzed for this study. Written informed consent was secured from each participant, and the KNHANES was conducted after ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (approval no. 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06-C, 2012-01EXP-01-2C).

Measurements

Blood samples were taken after subjects had fasted for eight or more hours. Fasting blood samples collected from each individual during the survey were processed, refrigerated immediately, transported in cold storage to the central laboratory (Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea), and analyzed within 24 hours after transportation. Fasting glucose, TC, HDL-C, and TG levels were determined using a Hitachi 7600 automated chemistry analyzer (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The Friedewald formula was used to calculate LDL-C for subjects with serum TG level ≤400 mg/dL18) and measured directly using the Hitachi 7600 analyzer for subjects with serum TG level >400 mg/dL. Non-HDL-C was calculated by subtracting HDL-C from TC. Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were defined as the cases where the participants replied that they had been diagnosed by a physician in the health interview survey. The health interview survey asked the female participants whether they were currently menmenstruating, then asked the cause of absent menstruation if they answered no. Menopausal status was dichotomized into premeno-pausal versus postmenopausal states, which included menopause with or without a hysterectomy. Body mass index was calculated by dividing weight by height (kg/m2). Smoking status was categorized into never/past or current (daily or intermittent) smoker. Alcohol consumption was categorized according to the frequency of alcohol consumed, and alcohol drinkers were defined as those who consume more than drinks at least once per month.

Statistical analyses

Mean, standard deviation, and selected percentile values were calculated for each variable by age, sex, and menopausal status. St-atistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and with the consideration of a two-sided p less than 0.05 as statistically significant for all analyses.

Results

Characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1. Pre-valence of previously diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia was 18.6%, 7.9%, and 7.9% in males, and 20.1%, 6.3%, and 10.5% in females, respectively. Males had significantly higher blood pressure, fasting glucose, TG, and history of smoking and drinking than females. Distributions of lipid levels and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions are presented by 5-year age intervals in the tables and figures. Supplementary Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 contain the number of subjects, means, standard deviations of the means, and percentile values; figures contain only medians for each variable.

Table 1

General characteristics of study population

Variables	Male (n=8284)	Female (n=9246)	p
Age (year)	44.4±19.9	44.1±19.1	0.462
Height (cm)	168.8±8.2	156.9±6.9	<0.001
Weight (kg)	67.1±12.6	56.2±9.7	<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.4±3.4	22.8±3.6	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	82.1±10.4	76.6±10.4	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	120.0±16.0	115.1±17.6	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	77.0±11.6	72.8±10.1	<0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	93 [87-101]	90 [85-97]	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.8±0.9	5.7±0.8	<0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	182.8±36.1	187.8±36.5	<0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	49.9±11.9	55.4±12.6	<0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	111 [74-167]	88 [62-131]	<0.001
Known hypertension (%)	1324 (20.0)	1451 (15.7)	<0.001
Known diabetes (%)	547 (6.6)	435 (4.7)	<0.001
Known dyslipidemia (%)	303 (3.7)	329 (3.6)	0.424
Current smoker (%)	2812 (45.4)	462 (5.0)	<0.001
Alcohol drinker (%)	4191 (50.6)	3108 (33.6)	<0.001

Data are expressed as means±standard deviation, median [inter quartile range]. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol

The level of TC increased from 156 mg/dL in the males 10-14 years old to a maximum of 196 mg/dL in the 50-54 year age group, and in females these levels increased from 163 mg/dL in 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 210 mg/dL in 55-59 year olds. Between age 25 to 49 years, TC level was higher in males than in females. However, the TC level was higher in females than in males among the younger (10 to 19 years) and older (≥50 years) age groups (Fig. 1, Supplementary Table 1 and 2 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 1

Median values of total cholesterol for age, sex, and menopausal status.

The level of TG increased with age and peaked among females aged ≥80 years, while the males reflected a more rapid increase of plasma TG levels during young adulthood (10 to 54 years) which decreased during middle age (55 to ≥80 years). The highest TG level was observed in 50-54 year (138 mg/dL) old males, and 65-69 years (124 mg/dL) in females. Between age 15 to 64 years, TG level was higher in males, but , higher in females after age 65 (Fig. 2, Supplementary Table 3 and 4 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 2

Median values of triglycerides for age, sex, and menopausal status.

The level of HDL-C were compared between males and females. Females showed higher HDL-C levels than males in all age groups. The highest value was observed among 25-29 year olds (59 mg/dL), which was followed by a decrease (47 mg/dL for females ≥80 years). In males, the highest value was observed among 10-14 year olds (53 mg/dL), followed by a decrease (44 mg/dL for males ≥80 years). The HDL-C level in males decreased almost linearly, while a more rapid decrease of these levels during middle age was observed in females (Fig. 3, Supplementary Table 5 and 6 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 3

Median values of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol for age, sex, and menopausal status.

The level of LDL-C revealed a pattern similar to TC levels. The cr-ossover of LDL-C levels for the sexes occurred in the 50-54 year age group and led to higher LDL-C values in females than in males over 50 years (Fig. 4, Supplementary Table 7 and 8 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 4

Median values of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol for age, sex, and menopausal status.

The TC/HDL-C ratio rapidly increased from 2.85 in the males aged 10-14 to a maximum of 4.14 in the 45-49 year olds, while in females it increased from 2.97 in 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 4.16 in the ≥80 year group. The crossover of TC/HDL-C ratio for the sexes occurred in those aged 60-64 and led to a higher ratio in females compared to males older than 60 years (Fig. 5, Supplementary Table 9 and 10 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 5

Median values of TC/HDL-C ratio for age, sex, and menopausal status. TC: total cholesterol, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

In males, the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio increased from 1.59 in 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 2.42 in 45-49 year old, while in females these values increased from 1.64 in 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 2.55 in 60-64 year olds. The crossover of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio for the sexes occurred in 55-59 year olds, which led to higher ratio in females than in males after 55 years (Fig. 6, Supplementary Table 11 and 12 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 6

Median values of LDL-C/HDL-C ratio for age, sex, and menopausal status. LDL-C: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

The TG/HDL-C ratio in males increased from 1.20 in 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 3.06 in 50-54 year olds, and in females these values increased from 1.40 in the 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 2.63 in those ≥80 years (Fig. 7, Supplementary Table 13 and 14 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 7

Median values of TG/HDL-C ratio for age, sex, and menopausal status. TG: triglycerides, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

The value of non-HDL-C in males increased from 100 mg/dL in 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 146 mg/dL in 45-54 year olds. In females, these values increased from 106 mg/dL in 10-14 year olds to a maximum of 155.5 mg/dL in 55-59 year olds (Fig. 8, Supplementary Table 15 and 16 in the online-only Data Supplement).

Fig. 8

Median values of non-HDL-C for age, sex, and menopausal status. HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Discussion

We reported the distributions of plasma lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions by sex and age among 17530 Koreans, which were sampled to represent the Korea population. These data are provided to facilitate the identification of individuals in the highest lipid or lipoprotein percentiles by age, sex, and menopausal status. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions levels increased with age in females, while the males tend to have a more rapid increase during young adulthood and a decrease during and after middle age.

Blood lipid level and lipoprotein composition have a role in the development of atherogenesis and vascular disorders. Most importantly, the risk of atherosclerotic heart disease increases with increasing levels of TC and LDL-C;19) but the risk decreases with increasing levels of HDL-C.20)21) The age-related and sex-related ch-anges in LDL-C levels reported in this study closely resemble those for TC, as almost 70% of TC is transported by lipoproteins in the low-density range. When compared with US populations from the NHANES 2010,22) Korean males showed lower mean TC and LDL-C levels (TC 183 mg/dL; LDL-C 106 mg/dL) compared to American males (TC 194 mg/dL; LDL-C 116 mg/dL), and Korean females also showed lower mean levels (TC 188 mg/dL; LDL-C 111 mg/dL) than American females (TC 198 mg/dL; LDL-C 115 mg/dL). It is well-known that HDL-C is higher in females than in males.23) In our population, the mean HDL-C level was 50 mg/dL for males and 55 mg/dL for females. Korean males displayed higher HDL-C levels than American males (47 mg/dL), while levels in Korean females were lower than American females (57 mg/dL). Accordingly, male-female difference in mean HDL-C level is only 5 mg/dL in the Korean population, while it is about 10 mg/dL in the American population. The mean TG levels are consistently higher (males 134 mg/dL; female 107 mg/dL) than those found in previous surveys of the US populations (males 119 mg/dL; female 102 mg/dL). A high carbohydrate diet may be the one of the possible causes of high TG levels in the Korean population, which in turn promotes the formulation of small and dense LDLs.24) The reason for the difference in lipoprotein profile between Korean and US populations might be due to genetics, environmental factors, or both.

In our study population, the effects of ageing on plasma lipids and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions significantly differed between males and females. Because females with elevated blood cholesterol tend to be older, they also have a higher chance of developing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, although plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG are highly heritable,25) environmental factors affect plasma concentrations of these parameters. In previous studies, it has been shown that diet composition, particularly dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, has a significant effect on blood cholesterol.26)27) In females, menopause is an additional determinant of these parameters. The post-menopausal decrease of plasma estrogen levels may play a significant role in reducing the clearance of LDL particles and the subsequent increase in LDL-C levels in postmenopausal women.28) Estrogen replacement treatment has been shown to decrease LDL-C and increase HDL-C levels in dyslipidemic postmenopausal women.29)

The present study has several limitations that need to be discussed. First, the KNHANES was designed to represent the Korean population, but the sample was limited to the non-institutionalized civilian population of Korean. Therefore, people who were admitted to the hospital or nursing homes were not included in this study. Second, LDL-C levels were not directly measured but calculated by the Friedewald's formula. However, this formula has been validated and used extensively to measure LDL-C levels in epidemiological studies.30) Third, we did not control for the effects of prevalent diseases which may affect plasma lipid levels. We were also unable to exclude the participants who were unaware of which medications were prescribed to them. Thus we could not completely eliminate the effects of lipid-lowering medications.

Blood cholesterol levels and lipoprotein-cholesterol fractions present different distributions by age, sex, and menopausal status among the Korean population. Our findings suggest that a subgroup-specific approach is required to develop efficient cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.

Supplementary Table 1

Distribution of total cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	156.9	26.6	117	125	139	156	172	191	204
15-19	566	151.1	27.3	114	121	133	147	167	184	196
20-24	327	167.9	29.7	129	134	147	164	187	213	220
25-29	431	179.1	31.4	129	141	158	177	198	222	234
30-34	548	188.4	34.3	135	146	166	186	210	230	246
35-39	765	193.8	33.4	143	153	171	192	213	239	255
40-44	729	193.9	35.7	139	153	172	192	216	237	249
45-49	617	196.9	37.9	140	151	174	193	218	242	260
50-54	659	195.6	33.3	142	154	172	196	216	238	249
55-59	631	192.1	36.8	134	146	168	190	215	235	255
60-64	643	187.3	34.4	131	144	164	187	212	231	242
65-69	554	184.0	32.7	134	144	163	183	203	226	240
70-74	559	183.6	33.9	128	144	160	181	205	227	242
75-79	339	179.8	33.9	125	140	159	178	196	224	243
80+	128	173.5	33.6	120	129	150	174	194	217	232
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	163.8	25.3	125	133	147	163	178	198	210
15-19	524	162.3	26.3	125	132	144	159	178	196	211
20-24	470	167.2	28.5	124	133	148	164	184	203	216
25-29	593	174.1	31.0	130	141	153	170	191	214	231
30-34	790	176.9	32.9	129	139	154	174	195	220	236
35-39	1039	180.3	32.6	135	142	158	178	200	219	233
40-44	843	183.1	31.3	138	144	161	181	202	224	240
45-49	633	194.2	33.2	143	153	173	192	214	235	253
50-54	274	200.8	33.5	153	160	177	200	223	246	260
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	194.6	31.5	143	157	176	190	211	229	254
50-54	578	208.9	35.9	155	167	186	207	226	255	274
55-59	590	210.1	36.6	153	165	183	210	234	257	271
60-64	540	206.8	35.6	148	161	183	207	230	250	266
65-69	466	205.6	36.2	150	159	182	205	228	252	267
70-74	542	201.4	36.5	142	156	177	200	223	248	265
75-79	387	198.4	36.9	144	152	173	197	219	244	264
80+	189	197.5	35.7	145	156	170	196	217	243	264

Supplementary Table 2

Distribution of total cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	156.9	26.6	117	125	139	156	172	191	204
15-19	566	151.1	27.3	114	121	133	147	167	184	196
20-24	327	167.9	29.7	129	134	147	164	187	213	220
25-29	432	179.2	31.6	129	141	158	178	198	222	234
30-34	550	188.4	34.2	135	146	166	186	210	230	246
35-39	773	193.7	33.4	142	153	170	192	213	239	255
40-44	742	193.5	35.7	139	152	171	192	216	237	247
45-49	640	196.3	38.6	139	150	173	192	218	242	261
50-54	704	195.1	35.3	141	152	171	194	216	238	250
55-59	691	190.0	37.6	131	142	166	188	214	235	254
60-64	714	185.6	34.7	129	141	161	185	211	230	241
65-69	621	181.4	33.0	128	141	161	181	200	224	238
70-74	611	182.2	34.9	126	139	159	179	204	225	241
75-79	360	178.6	33.9	126	139	157	178	196	222	240
80+	137	173.2	33.4	120	130	148	173	196	217	232
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	163.8	25.3	125	133	147	163	178	198	210
15-19	524	162.3	26.3	125	132	144	159	178	196	211
20-24	470	167.2	28.5	124	133	148	164	184	203	216
25-29	593	174.1	31.0	130	141	153	170	191	214	231
30-34	790	176.9	32.9	129	139	154	174	195	220	236
35-39	1043	180.3	32.5	136	142	158	178	199	219	233
40-44	850	182.9	31.4	137	144	161	181	201	225	241
45-49	645	193.6	33.4	143	152	172	192	213	234	253
50-54	279	200.7	33.4	153	160	177	200	223	246	260
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	193.5	32.3	139	152	175	190	211	230	254
50-54	617	207.6	36.2	154	164	184	206	226	255	273
55-59	670	206.8	37.9	145	160	180	206	232	255	271
60-64	648	202.7	36.5	144	155	177	201	226	248	263
65-69	578	199.7	36.9	143	154	172	198	223	247	263
70-74	638	197.9	37.1	138	150	173	197	221	247	264
75-79	441	195.4	37.5	140	151	168	195	217	242	260
80+	198	197.2	35.7	144	156	170	196	216	243	269

Supplementary Table 3

Distribution of triglycerides (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	77.9	44.3	30	36	47	66	96	138	169
15-19	566	83.6	44.3	37	42	55	74	98	143	175
20-24	327	94.9	53.7	39	45	60	84	109	167	207
25-29	431	130.3	104.3	47	54	74	104	150	218	296
30-34	548	143.7	100.6	49	57	81	114	182	252	306
35-39	765	151.6	90.8	54	65	90	130	189	268	316
40-44	729	161.7	98.4	58	69	92	137	205	287	332
45-49	617	164.5	115.0	51	68	94	136	200	302	345
50-54	659	164.7	100.7	58	67	96	138	202	302	355
55-59	631	159.2	103.9	53	66	96	136	200	272	326
60-64	643	143.3	84.2	49	59	83	125	180	254	316
65-69	554	133.1	75.3	45	58	82	118	163	229	276
70-74	559	128.8	71.8	49	56	77	111	161	225	275
75-79	339	119.7	69.4	48	55	73	104	144	215	258
80+	128	105.7	48.6	51	55	67	99	132	166	209
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	89.5	48.5	38	44	58	78	107	149	191
15-19	524	77.4	40.4	34	41	51	68	91	126	156
20-24	470	75.7	43.5	34	40	51	66	88	118	146
25-29	593	85.5	57.9	34	39	53	69	100	145	195
30-34	790	88.5	54.3	34	39	53	72	108	152	194
35-39	1039	91.7	57.8	36	42	56	75	110	153	194
40-44	843	94.8	55.0	41	47	59	80	116	159	197
45-49	633	110.1	69.0	43	49	66	92	129	192	246
50-54	274	108.8	58.2	46	51	68	93	135	191	221
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	113.4	75.0	38	46	62	89	144	198	310
50-54	578	128.3	77.2	47	56	74	108	156	234	287
55-59	590	128.6	77.0	46	58	77	110	164	215	268
60-64	540	135.6	74.9	55	62	81	116	167	241	274
65-69	466	142.8	75.6	55	65	86	126	180	258	293
70-74	542	138.6	79.6	53	63	88	123	175	230	263
75-79	387	134.0	67.6	57	66	87	119	167	220	250
80+	189	141.0	67.4	63	72	94	124	170	249	290

Supplementary Table 4

Distribution of triglycerides (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	77.9	44.3	30	36	47	66	96	138	169
15-19	566	83.6	44.3	37	42	55	74	98	143	175
20-24	327	94.9	53.7	39	45	60	84	109	167	207
25-29	432	130.8	104.8	47	54	74	104	150	221	297
30-34	550	144.2	100.7	49	57	81	115	182	253	306
35-39	773	151.8	90.7	54	65	90	130	190	268	316
40-44	742	162.6	99.0	58	69	93	137	206	288	335
45-49	640	165.4	114.6	52	68	94.5	139	201	303	348
50-54	704	166.6	102.2	58	68	96.5	139	205	302	355
55-59	691	159.3	103.7	53	66	95	136	200	274	326
60-64	714	145.8	84.6	50	59	86	128	186	253	316
65-69	621	135.4	76.2	47	61	83	118	166	240	279
70-74	611	129.7	71.7	49	57	77	111	162	226	274
75-79	360	120.2	70.2	47.5	55	73	104	144	215	258
80+	137	106.2	49.4	51	55	66	98	132	166	210
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	89.5	48.5	38	44	58	78	107	149	191
15-19	524	77.4	40.4	34	41	51	68	91	126	156
20-24	470	75.7	43.5	34	39.5	51	66	88	118	146
25-29	593	85.5	57.9	34	39	53	69	100	145	195
30-34	790	88.5	54.3	34	39	53	72	108	152	194
35-39	1043	91.8	57.8	36	42	56	75	110	153	194
40-44	850	95.5	55.7	41	47	60	80	116	160	198
45-49	645	110.6	68.9	43	49	67	93	129	193	246
50-54	279	109.2	57.9	46	51	68	94	135	191	221
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	117.2	76.1	38	46	64	93	159	229	310
50-54	617	128.9	76.7	47	56	74	109	157	234	287
55-59	670	130.2	76.8	46	57.5	78	112	167	221	270
60-64	648	135.9	74.2	55	63	82	117	167	241	273
65-69	578	143.3	73.8	56	66	89	126	180	252	293
70-74	638	137.7	77.4	51	63	86	123	175	230	263
75-79	441	132.8	67.1	56	66	87	118	164	218	250
80+	198	141.9	66.7	63	74	95	125	173	248	290

Supplementary Table 5

Distribution of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	54.4	10.9	37	41	47	53	62	69	74
15-19	566	50.3	9.7	36	39	44	49	56	63	68
20-24	327	53.2	11.6	38	40	45	52	59	69	74
25-29	431	50.5	11.5	35	38	42	49	57	65	71
30-34	548	49.4	11.1	34	37	41	48	56	65	71
35-39	765	49.8	11.5	34	37	42	48	56	65	70
40-44	729	48.7	10.8	34	36	40	48	55	63	69
45-49	617	48.5	11.5	33	36	41	47	55	62	69
50-54	659	49.4	12.2	34	36	41	47	56	65	73
55-59	631	48.9	12.2	33	35	40	47	55	65	73
60-64	643	50.0	13.1	34	36	40	48	57	67	76
65-69	554	48.9	12.9	32	35	40	46.5	56	66	74
70-74	559	48.9	12.7	32	34	40	47	56	65	72
75-79	339	48.6	12.5	31	34	40	47	55	65	72
80+	128	47.6	12.9	30	32	38	44	57	69	72
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	54.7	10.5	39	42	47	54	61	68	73
15-19	524	57.0	10.9	40	44	49.5	56	64	70	75
20-24	470	59.9	12.9	42	46	51	58	67	77	83
25-29	593	60.0	13.0	40	43	51	59	68	77	82
30-34	790	58.6	13.1	39	42	49	58	67	76	81
35-39	1039	57.4	12.2	39	43	49	57	65	73	79
40-44	843	55.9	12.7	39	42	47	55	63	71	77
45-49	633	56.6	11.8	39	43	48	56	64	72	78
50-54	274	55.9	12.9	37	40	47	54	63	71	80
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	55.2	12.7	34	38	46	56	63	70	76
50-54	578	56.0	13.2	38	40	47	55	63	73	79
55-59	590	53.4	11.9	37	39	44	52	61	69	73
60-64	540	52.1	12.3	35	37	43	51	59	69	75
65-69	466	51.6	11.4	35	38	44	50	59	67	71
70-74	542	50.7	12.1	34	37	42	49	57	66	73
75-79	387	50.0	11.3	33	36	42	49	57	64	69
80+	189	47.9	10.4	34	36	40	47	54	61	68

Supplementary Table 6

Distribution of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th>	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	54.4	10.9	37	41	47	53	62	69	74
15-19	566	50.3	9.7	36	39	44	49	56	63	68
20-24	327	53.2	11.6	38	40	45	52	59	69	74
25-29	432	50.4	11.5	35	38	42	49	57	65	71
30-34	550	49.4	11.1	34	37	41	48	56	65	71
35-39	773	49.7	11.4	34	37	42	48	56	65	70
40-44	742	48.8	10.9	34	36	41	48	55	63	69
45-49	640	48.4	11.4	33	36	41	47	55	62	69
50-54	704	49.3	12.1	34	36	41	47	56	65	71
55-59	691	49.0	12.2	33	36	41	47	55	65	73
60-64	714	49.8	12.9	34	35	41	48	56	67	75
65-69	621	48.8	12.7	32	35	40	47	56	66	72
70-74	611	49.0	12.7	32	34	40	46	56	66	72
75-79	360	48.5	12.5	31	34	40	47	55	65	72
80+	137	48.2	13.0	30	33	38	46	57	69	72
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	54.7	10.5	39	42	47	54	61	68	73
15-19	524	57.0	10.9	40	44	50	56	64	70	75
20-24	470	59.9	12.9	42	46	51	58	67	77	83
25-29	593	60.0	13.0	40	43	51	59	68	77	82
30-34	790	58.6	13.1	39	42	49	58	67	76	81
35-39	1043	57.4	12.2	39	43	49	57	65	73	79
40-44	850	55.8	12.7	38	41	46	55	63	71	77
45-49	645	56.5	11.8	39	43	48	56	64	72	77
50-54	279	56.0	12.9	37	40	47	54	63	72	80
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	54.5	12.8	34	38	45	56	63	70	76
50-54	617	56.1	13.2	38	41	47	55	63	73	79
55-59	670	53.3	12.0	36	39	44	52	61	69	73
60-64	648	52.4	12.4	35	37	43	51	60	69	75
65-69	578	51.6	11.3	35	38	43	50	59	67	71
70-74	638	51.1	12.5	33	37	43	49	58	67	73
75-79	441	50.1	11.5	33	36	42	50	57	64	70
80+	198	48.0	10.2	34	36	40	47	54	61	68

Supplementary Table 7

Distribution of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	86.9	22.4	53	61	72	85	100	116	126
15-19	566	84.1	24.0	50	57	69	82	98	113	124
20-24	327	95.7	26.2	60	65	76	91	111	131	145
25-29	431	103.6	28.0	60	67	86	103	120	140	153
30-34	548	111.2	31.4	67	74	91	110	128	147	163
35-39	765	114.3	30.2	68	78	94	113	133	154	168
40-44	729	113.4	32.0	64	75	92	114	132	154	166
45-49	617	116.4	34.3	63	75	94	116	137	156	174
50-54	659	114.1	31.6	65	77	91	114	133	155	168
55-59	631	111.9	33.8	60	71	91	109	132	155	170
60-64	643	108.9	32.4	55	68	88	107	130	153	164
65-69	554	108.7	30.6	56	71	89	109	127	147	159
70-74	559	109.0	31.1	59	71	87	108	129	146	162
75-79	339	107.3	31.1	57	67	88	107	127	147	160
80+	128	104.7	29.2	60	66	83	104	124	142	159
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	91.2	21.9	58	64	77	89	105	121	130
15-19	524	89.9	22.4	58	63	74	88	102	119	130
20-24	470	92.1	24.2	57	64	76	89	106	123	134
25-29	593	97.1	25.9	61	69	81	93	110	131	144
30-34	790	100.7	27.2	63	68	81	97	117	135	149
35-39	1039	104.6	28.2	65	73	85	102	121	141	154
40-44	843	108.3	26.6	68	75	89	107	124	144	157
45-49	633	115.8	29.7	72	80	95	115	132	151	165
50-54	274	123.1	28.3	78	89	103	123	140	160	175
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	116.7	29.8	68	86	97	115	134	151	176
50-54	578	127.4	31.6	78	90	106	126	144	168	183
55-59	590	131.0	33.0	78	89	109	130	154	173	188
60-64	540	127.6	31.9	75	86	105	127	148	168	181
65-69	466	125.5	32.4	76	83	104	125	145	168	180
70-74	542	123.1	32.4	70	82	101	123	146	165	177
75-79	387	121.7	33.2	72	81	98	119	143	164	178
80+	189	121.4	32.7	71	81	98	120	138	166	185

Supplementary Table 8

Distribution of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	86.9	22.4	53	61	72	85	100	116	126
15-19	566	84.1	24.0	50	57	69	82	98	113	124
20-24	327	95.7	26.2	60	65	76	91	111	131	145
25-29	432	103.7	28.0	60	67	86	103	120	140	153
30-34	550	111.2	31.3	67	74	91	110	128	147	163
35-39	773	114.1	30.3	68	78	94	113	133	154	168
40-44	742	112.8	32.1	64	73	90	113	132	153	166
45-49	640	115.8	35.0	61	74	92	115	136	156	175
50-54	704	113.3	32.9	65	75	90	112	133	155	168
55-59	691	109.7	34.2	58	69	88	108	130	154	169
60-64	714	106.9	32.9	52	63	84	105	129	151	162
65-69	621	105.8	31.2	54	67	85	106	125	146	157
70-74	611	107.3	31.8	57	69	85	107	127	146	162
75-79	360	106.2	31.3	57	66	83	105	126	147	157
80+	137	103.8	29.4	59	65	80	103	123	142	159
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	91.2	21.9	58	64	77	89	105	121	130
15-19	524	89.9	22.4	58	63	74	88	102	119	130
20-24	470	92.1	24.2	57	64	76	89	106	123	134
25-29	593	97.1	25.9	61	69	81	93	110	131	144
30-34	790	100.7	27.2	63	68	81	97	117	135	149
35-39	1043	104.6	28.2	65	73	85	102	121	140	153
40-44	850	108.1	26.7	68	75	89	107	124	144	157
45-49	645	115.2	30.0	71	79	95	114	132	150	164
50-54	279	122.9	28.6	78	89	102	122	140	161	175
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	115.6	30.7	61	79	95	114	134	155	176
50-54	617	125.9	32.2	75	86	105	124	144	167	183
55-59	670	127.5	34.7	74	82	104	127	152	172	187
60-64	648	123.1	33.0	72	81	99	122	146	165	176
65-69	578	119.4	33.9	67	76	94	118	142	163	177
70-74	638	119.3	33.2	67	76	97	118	142	163	177
75-79	441	118.8	33.5	70	78	94	117	140	160	176
80+	198	120.8	32.9	71	76	98	120	137	166	188

Supplementary Table 9

Distribution of total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th>	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	2.97	0.65	2.10	2.23	2.50	2.85	3.33	3.89	4.19
15-19	566	3.09	0.72	2.17	2.28	2.62	2.98	3.43	3.97	4.44
20-24	327	3.28	0.87	2.14	2.32	2.68	3.12	3.74	4.36	4.98
25-29	431	3.71	1.01	2.30	2.52	2.98	3.57	4.31	5.08	5.63
30-34	548	3.99	1.10	2.41	2.67	3.20	3.84	4.65	5.50	5.88
35-39	765	4.08	1.10	2.48	2.72	3.26	4.02	4.76	5.52	6.06
40-44	729	4.16	1.13	2.56	2.79	3.35	4.05	4.87	5.65	6.10
45-49	617	4.24	1.12	2.61	2.91	3.45	4.14	4.92	5.74	6.13
50-54	659	4.16	1.09	2.59	2.87	3.36	4.05	4.79	5.62	6.13
55-59	631	4.12	1.13	2.44	2.75	3.30	4.00	4.78	5.56	6.08
60-64	643	3.94	1.06	2.43	2.65	3.12	3.84	4.66	5.33	5.72
65-69	554	3.96	1.06	2.40	2.60	3.18	3.89	4.72	5.37	5.74
70-74	559	3.96	1.13	2.45	2.65	3.08	3.84	4.64	5.43	5.96
75-79	339	3.90	1.09	2.40	2.61	3.05	3.74	4.58	5.30	5.97
80+	128	3.85	1.13	2.35	2.54	3.05	3.71	4.25	5.47	6.48
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	3.08	0.66	2.26	2.41	2.61	2.97	3.40	3.91	4.35
15-19	524	2.93	0.68	2.09	2.21	2.49	2.81	3.23	3.77	4.19
20-24	470	2.88	0.67	2.07	2.21	2.43	2.78	3.17	3.69	4.26
25-29	593	3.01	0.78	2.08	2.24	2.52	2.84	3.34	4.00	4.53
30-34	790	3.14	0.78	2.16	2.28	2.56	2.98	3.56	4.15	4.70
35-39	1039	3.25	0.82	2.27	2.41	2.66	3.08	3.66	4.35	4.84
40-44	843	3.40	0.80	2.32	2.47	2.81	3.27	3.88	4.50	4.85
45-49	633	3.56	0.88	2.40	2.57	2.91	3.41	4.07	4.71	5.23
50-54	274	3.72	0.85	2.51	2.71	3.09	3.62	4.26	4.93	5.31
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	3.69	0.91	2.39	2.56	3.02	3.61	4.23	4.87	5.49
50-54	578	3.90	1.03	2.56	2.74	3.11	3.70	4.46	5.36	5.91
55-59	590	4.08	0.99	2.59	2.89	3.42	3.97	4.66	5.32	5.85
60-64	540	4.14	1.02	2.63	2.86	3.32	4.08	4.85	5.57	5.96
65-69	466	4.15	1.04	2.61	2.90	3.38	4.03	4.76	5.63	6.07
70-74	542	4.15	1.08	2.59	2.80	3.33	4.06	4.88	5.53	6.03
75-79	387	4.14	1.09	2.68	2.91	3.39	4.02	4.73	5.59	6.03
80+	189	4.27	1.03	2.84	3.03	3.50	4.16	4.90	5.60	6.03

Supplementary Table 10

Distribution of total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	3.0	0.6	2.10	2.23	2.50	2.85	3.33	3.89	4.19
15-19	566	3.1	0.7	2.17	2.28	2.62	2.98	3.43	3.97	4.44
20-24	327	3.3	0.9	2.14	2.32	2.68	3.12	3.74	4.36	4.98
25-29	432	3.7	1.0	2.30	2.52	2.98	3.57	4.32	5.12	5.64
30-34	550	4.0	1.1	2.41	2.67	3.20	3.84	4.65	5.48	5.88
35-39	773	4.1	1.1	2.48	2.72	3.27	4.02	4.76	5.51	6.06
40-44	742	4.1	1.1	2.56	2.80	3.33	4.04	4.86	5.62	6.10
45-49	640	4.2	1.1	2.61	2.90	3.45	4.13	4.89	5.73	6.13
50-54	704	4.2	1.2	2.57	2.87	3.34	4.04	4.77	5.62	6.13
55-59	691	4.1	1.1	2.40	2.71	3.25	3.94	4.74	5.51	6.06
60-64	714	3.9	1.1	2.42	2.63	3.07	3.82	4.66	5.37	5.72
65-69	621	3.9	1.1	2.37	2.58	3.14	3.81	4.67	5.31	5.72
70-74	611	3.9	1.1	2.40	2.62	3.06	3.81	4.60	5.36	5.93
75-79	360	3.9	1.1	2.40	2.58	3.02	3.72	4.58	5.32	5.99
80+	137	3.8	1.1	2.32	2.52	3.03	3.62	4.23	5.32	6.48
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	3.1	0.7	2.26	2.41	2.61	2.97	3.40	3.91	4.35
15-19	524	2.9	0.7	2.09	2.21	2.49	2.81	3.23	3.77	4.19
20-24	470	2.9	0.7	2.07	2.21	2.43	2.78	3.17	3.69	4.26
25-29	593	3.0	0.8	2.08	2.24	2.52	2.84	3.34	4.00	4.53
30-34	790	3.1	0.8	2.16	2.28	2.56	2.98	3.56	4.15	4.70
35-39	1043	3.3	0.8	2.27	2.41	2.66	3.08	3.66	4.35	4.84
40-44	850	3.4	0.8	2.31	2.47	2.81	3.27	3.88	4.51	4.87
45-49	645	3.6	0.9	2.39	2.57	2.91	3.40	4.07	4.71	5.16
50-54	279	3.7	0.9	2.50	2.69	3.08	3.61	4.26	4.95	5.31
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	3.7	1.0	2.39	2.56	3.02	3.61	4.23	5.04	5.56
50-54	617	3.9	1.0	2.51	2.70	3.08	3.66	4.44	5.36	5.90
55-59	670	4.0	1.0	2.57	2.82	3.33	3.91	4.60	5.29	5.83
60-64	648	4.0	1.0	2.55	2.79	3.24	3.95	4.72	5.44	5.85
65-69	578	4.0	1.0	2.52	2.79	3.25	3.89	4.66	5.54	5.90
70-74	638	4.1	1.1	2.49	2.74	3.22	3.97	4.78	5.50	5.98
75-79	441	4.1	1.1	2.64	2.86	3.30	3.91	4.63	5.46	5.91
80+	198	4.3	1.0	2.84	3.06	3.48	4.14	4.88	5.54	6.03

Supplementary Table 11

Distribution of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	1.66	0.52	0.91	1.04	1.29	1.59	1.97	2.38	2.62
15-19	566	1.74	0.62	0.92	1.05	1.34	1.65	2.02	2.50	2.86
20-24	327	1.89	0.70	0.99	1.12	1.40	1.77	2.28	2.75	3.14
25-29	431	2.14	0.78	1.01	1.22	1.59	2.05	2.59	3.19	3.61
30-34	553	2.34	0.86	1.03	1.37	1.76	2.23	2.82	3.33	3.81
35-39	786	2.39	0.87	1.11	1.38	1.80	2.31	2.94	3.46	3.93
40-44	740	2.41	0.88	1.14	1.38	1.81	2.34	2.97	3.52	3.95
45-49	626	2.48	0.90	1.13	1.43	1.84	2.42	3.02	3.68	4.00
50-54	673	2.39	0.89	1.07	1.42	1.79	2.33	2.88	3.59	4.07
55-59	637	2.40	0.92	1.05	1.29	1.76	2.32	2.91	3.57	3.94
60-64	648	2.29	0.86	1.05	1.29	1.63	2.22	2.82	3.48	3.79
65-69	558	2.34	0.87	0.95	1.28	1.74	2.26	2.89	3.49	3.81
70-74	563	2.37	0.92	1.10	1.30	1.70	2.27	2.91	3.62	3.97
75-79	341	2.34	0.87	1.08	1.27	1.71	2.27	2.89	3.48	3.88
80+	129	2.33	0.93	1.16	1.22	1.68	2.26	2.73	3.58	4.18
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	1.72	0.52	1.01	1.15	1.37	1.64	2.00	2.39	2.68
15-19	524	1.64	0.54	0.92	1.02	1.28	1.54	1.92	2.34	2.63
20-24	470	1.61	0.56	0.88	1.00	1.22	1.54	1.88	2.29	2.79
25-29	593	1.70	0.63	0.92	1.05	1.29	1.60	2.02	2.44	2.81
30-34	790	1.80	0.63	0.97	1.10	1.35	1.72	2.17	2.59	3.04
35-39	1039	1.91	0.67	1.05	1.19	1.44	1.80	2.23	2.81	3.12
40-44	843	2.03	0.65	1.12	1.27	1.56	1.95	2.40	2.89	3.23
45-49	633	2.13	0.71	1.13	1.33	1.63	2.05	2.55	3.05	3.44
50-54	274	2.29	0.67	1.32	1.47	1.79	2.21	2.78	3.21	3.42
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	2.22	0.70	1.14	1.31	1.74	2.23	2.64	3.16	3.43
50-54	578	2.39	0.80	1.32	1.47	1.80	2.29	2.85	3.44	3.76
55-59	590	2.55	0.79	1.36	1.60	2.02	2.49	3.01	3.55	3.97
60-64	540	2.57	0.81	1.31	1.54	1.94	2.55	3.10	3.68	3.99
65-69	466	2.53	0.81	1.36	1.53	1.99	2.45	3.00	3.64	4.02
70-74	542	2.55	0.86	1.29	1.50	1.90	2.47	3.09	3.67	4.14
75-79	387	2.54	0.85	1.32	1.61	1.95	2.48	2.98	3.73	4.01
80+	189	2.63	0.84	1.40	1.68	2.04	2.50	3.21	3.68	4.14

Supplementary Table 12

Distribution of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	1.7	0.5	0.91	1.04	1.29	1.59	1.97	2.38	2.62
15-19	566	1.7	0.6	0.92	1.05	1.34	1.65	2.02	2.50	2.86
20-24	327	1.9	0.7	0.99	1.12	1.40	1.77	2.28	2.75	3.14
25-29	432	2.2	0.8	1.04	1.23	1.61	2.09	2.62	3.21	3.62
30-34	550	2.4	0.9	1.11	1.41	1.80	2.27	2.84	3.33	3.85
35-39	773	2.4	0.9	1.17	1.40	1.82	2.34	2.95	3.51	3.96
40-44	742	2.4	0.9	1.19	1.40	1.83	2.35	2.95	3.50	3.91
45-49	640	2.5	0.9	1.21	1.47	1.85	2.41	3.01	3.68	4.04
50-54	704	2.4	0.9	1.18	1.45	1.83	2.33	2.92	3.59	4.07
55-59	691	2.4	0.9	1.08	1.29	1.73	2.28	2.87	3.52	3.92
60-64	714	2.3	0.9	0.98	1.29	1.60	2.19	2.81	3.44	3.79
65-69	621	2.3	0.9	0.97	1.26	1.70	2.22	2.86	3.44	3.78
70-74	611	2.3	0.9	1.08	1.28	1.65	2.22	2.89	3.58	3.93
75-79	360	2.3	0.9	1.08	1.25	1.67	2.23	2.88	3.50	3.93
80+	137	2.3	0.9	1.14	1.22	1.65	2.19	2.73	3.55	4.18
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	1.7	0.5	1.01	1.15	1.37	1.64	2.00	2.39	2.68
15-19	524	1.6	0.5	0.92	1.02	1.28	1.54	1.92	2.34	2.63
20-24	470	1.6	0.6	0.88	1.00	1.22	1.54	1.88	2.29	2.79
25-29	593	1.7	0.6	0.92	1.05	1.29	1.60	2.02	2.44	2.81
30-34	790	1.8	0.6	0.97	1.10	1.35	1.72	2.17	2.59	3.04
35-39	1043	1.9	0.7	1.05	1.19	1.44	1.80	2.23	2.80	3.12
40-44	850	2.0	0.7	1.12	1.26	1.56	1.95	2.40	2.89	3.25
45-49	645	2.1	0.7	1.11	1.33	1.63	2.03	2.54	3.05	3.43
50-54	279	2.3	0.7	1.28	1.41	1.79	2.21	2.78	3.23	3.43
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	2.2	0.8	1.14	1.31	1.74	2.20	2.64	3.23	3.46
50-54	617	2.4	0.8	1.26	1.44	1.77	2.26	2.83	3.44	3.76
55-59	670	2.5	0.8	1.26	1.46	1.91	2.43	2.95	3.53	3.90
60-64	648	2.5	0.8	1.24	1.41	1.84	2.42	3.00	3.60	3.93
65-69	578	2.4	0.8	1.21	1.42	1.83	2.30	2.91	3.48	3.97
70-74	638	2.5	0.9	1.20	1.40	1.80	2.40	2.99	3.60	4.09
75-79	441	2.5	0.9	1.27	1.51	1.86	2.42	2.92	3.53	3.96
80+	198	2.6	0.8	1.40	1.66	2.02	2.47	3.20	3.67	4.14

Supplementary Table 13

Distribution of triglycerides/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	1.55	1.12	0.50	0.60	0.85	1.20	1.85	3.14	3.84
15-19	566	1.76	1.11	0.68	0.79	1.05	1.46	2.12	3.09	3.84
20-24	327	1.96	1.42	0.63	0.76	1.03	1.58	2.30	3.64	4.88
25-29	431	2.88	2.90	0.73	0.94	1.36	2.06	3.42	5.35	7.07
30-34	553	3.33	2.95	0.86	1.05	1.51	2.35	4.25	6.33	8.66
35-39	786	3.65	3.13	0.90	1.19	1.71	2.75	4.41	7.17	9.22
40-44	740	3.81	2.99	1.02	1.26	1.79	2.95	4.88	7.56	9.57
45-49	626	3.90	3.36	0.86	1.22	1.88	2.98	4.71	7.71	9.72
50-54	673	3.95	3.33	0.96	1.22	1.84	3.06	4.79	7.66	10.45
55-59	637	3.71	3.07	0.91	1.16	1.88	2.89	4.63	6.53	8.70
60-64	648	3.27	2.41	0.78	1.02	1.53	2.54	4.27	6.51	8.20
65-69	558	3.21	3.03	0.76	1.02	1.57	2.59	3.86	5.86	7.39
70-74	563	2.99	2.10	0.81	1.00	1.45	2.45	3.81	5.91	7.33
75-79	341	2.88	2.48	0.78	0.93	1.43	2.27	3.30	5.28	7.65
80+	129	2.70	2.64	0.82	0.93	1.32	2.07	3.00	5.36	5.96
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	1.78	1.31	0.62	0.72	1.00	1.40	2.14	3.14	4.13
15-19	524	1.47	1.04	0.55	0.63	0.86	1.20	1.70	2.38	3.26
20-24	470	1.37	1.05	0.51	0.61	0.82	1.14	1.56	2.32	2.72
25-29	593	1.56	1.29	0.48	0.58	0.84	1.16	1.75	3.05	4.14
30-34	790	1.67	1.34	0.51	0.62	0.85	1.28	2.00	3.05	3.90
35-39	1039	1.75	1.42	0.55	0.67	0.92	1.35	2.07	3.15	4.16
40-44	843	1.86	1.36	0.62	0.75	0.98	1.48	2.27	3.36	4.24
45-49	633	2.12	1.58	0.64	0.77	1.10	1.67	2.60	4.13	5.39
50-54	274	2.15	1.48	0.69	0.83	1.10	1.78	2.62	3.85	5.48
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	2.35	2.12	0.65	0.83	1.11	1.51	2.88	5.35	7.65
50-54	578	2.57	2.02	0.71	0.88	1.28	1.91	3.18	5.16	6.67
55-59	590	2.68	2.04	0.73	0.92	1.35	2.12	3.43	5.06	6.26
60-64	540	2.89	2.02	0.82	1.02	1.43	2.36	3.67	5.55	7.01
65-69	466	3.07	2.10	0.88	1.03	1.53	2.45	4.06	5.98	7.00
70-74	542	3.02	2.18	0.86	1.11	1.64	2.45	3.95	5.83	6.88
75-79	387	2.98	2.06	0.93	1.05	1.61	2.39	3.70	5.44	7.12
80+	189	3.20	1.97	1.02	1.30	1.83	2.63	4.03	5.70	7.26

Supplementary Table 14

Distribution of triglycerides/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	1.6	1.1	0.50	0.60	0.85	1.20	1.85	3.14	3.84
15-19	566	1.8	1.1	0.68	0.79	1.05	1.46	2.12	3.09	3.84
20-24	327	2.0	1.4	0.63	0.76	1.03	1.58	2.30	3.64	4.88
25-29	432	2.9	2.9	0.73	0.94	1.37	2.06	3.42	5.38	7.22
30-34	550	3.2	2.8	0.86	1.05	1.49	2.33	4.21	6.26	8.43
35-39	773	3.4	2.5	0.90	1.18	1.68	2.71	4.20	6.36	7.92
40-44	742	3.7	2.8	1.02	1.27	1.79	2.91	4.81	7.09	8.68
45-49	640	3.8	3.1	0.87	1.23	1.89	2.97	4.63	7.42	9.04
50-54	704	3.8	2.8	0.96	1.22	1.85	3.05	4.71	7.24	9.00
55-59	691	3.6	2.8	0.92	1.17	1.85	2.85	4.56	6.44	8.21
60-64	714	3.3	2.4	0.80	1.03	1.59	2.57	4.27	6.45	8.15
65-69	621	3.1	2.2	0.79	1.04	1.58	2.58	3.96	5.80	7.17
70-74	611	3.0	2.0	0.81	1.02	1.47	2.43	3.78	5.65	7.11
75-79	360	2.8	2.3	0.76	0.91	1.42	2.23	3.30	5.30	7.46
80+	137	2.5	1.7	0.82	0.93	1.29	2.02	2.98	5.16	5.96
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	1.8	1.3	0.62	0.72	1.00	1.40	2.14	3.14	4.13
15-19	524	1.5	1.0	0.55	0.63	0.86	1.20	1.70	2.38	3.26
20-24	470	1.4	1.1	0.51	0.61	0.82	1.14	1.56	2.32	2.72
25-29	593	1.6	1.3	0.48	0.58	0.84	1.16	1.75	3.05	4.14
30-34	790	1.7	1.3	0.51	0.62	0.85	1.28	2.00	3.05	3.90
35-39	1043	1.8	1.4	0.56	0.67	0.92	1.35	2.08	3.15	4.16
40-44	850	1.9	1.4	0.62	0.76	0.99	1.49	2.28	3.46	4.36
45-49	645	2.1	1.6	0.65	0.77	1.11	1.68	2.61	4.15	5.39
50-54	279	2.2	1.5	0.69	0.83	1.10	1.78	2.67	3.90	5.48
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	2.5	2.2	0.65	0.83	1.11	1.51	3.14	5.79	7.65
50-54	617	2.6	2.0	0.71	0.88	1.29	1.91	3.18	5.16	6.66
55-59	670	2.7	2.0	0.73	0.92	1.35	2.16	3.44	5.08	6.39
60-64	648	2.9	2.0	0.82	1.02	1.45	2.32	3.69	5.57	6.83
65-69	578	3.1	2.0	0.89	1.07	1.57	2.50	4.02	5.94	7.02
70-74	638	3.0	2.1	0.82	1.05	1.62	2.43	3.89	5.66	6.87
75-79	441	2.9	2.0	0.93	1.10	1.61	2.38	3.63	5.32	7.12
80+	198	3.2	1.9	1.02	1.31	1.87	2.70	4.03	5.70	7.26

Supplementary Table 15

Distribution of non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8284)
10-14	788	102.5	24.8	65	74	85	100	118	134	144
15-19	566	100.9	26.5	65	70	83	98	115	133	145
20-24	327	114.7	29.8	74	81	92	109	133	153	170
25-29	431	128.6	32.6	82	89	105	126	149	171	186
30-34	553	139.4	35.7	84	95	116	139	163	182	195
35-39	786	144.9	35.0	91	103	120	144	167	191	210
40-44	740	146.1	37.0	90	102	122	144	169	191	203
45-49	626	149.2	38.3	95	103	124	146	172	195	214
50-54	673	147.1	34.2	96	106	124	146	168	191	205
55-59	637	143.8	37.0	88	97	118	142	166	188	206
60-64	648	137.5	33.8	83	94	113	136	160	181	196
65-69	558	135.4	33.5	82	92	114	134	157	178	189
70-74	563	135.2	35.2	82	95	110	133	156	179	195
75-79	341	131.4	33.6	80	91	109	130	152	176	192
80+	129	126.1	32.5	77	84	102	124	142	171	185
Premenopausal female (n=5841)
10-14	675	109.1	23.6	73	81	93	106	123	140	150
15-19	524	105.4	25.3	69	76	88	102	119	137	153
20-24	470	107.3	26.7	71	77	89	104	123	142	155
25-29	593	114.1	29.8	75	83	95	110	129	151	171
30-34	790	118.4	30.6	76	83	96	114	136	158	175
35-39	1039	122.9	31.6	80	87	100	119	140	163	180
40-44	843	127.2	29.6	83	92	107	125	144	167	180
45-49	633	137.6	32.9	89	96	115	136	156	179	195
50-54	274	144.8	31.4	97	104	121	144	166	184	200
Postmenopausal female (n=3405)
45-49	113	139.4	30.8	96	104	116	140	158	171	194
50-54	578	152.9	35.5	102	111	128	150	172	198	218
55-59	590	156.7	35.3	100	112	132	156	180	203	217
60-64	540	154.7	34.4	98	110	131	154	179	198	211
65-69	466	154.0	35.6	97	109	128	154	177	200	210
70-74	542	150.7	36.0	93	103	127	150	174	197	208
75-79	387	148.4	36.0	94	102	125	148	167	191	209
80+	189	149.6	34.6	100	109	125	147	167	195	215

Supplementary Table 16

Distribution of non-high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/dL) by age, sex, menopausal status not excluding people taking lipid-lowering agents

Age	Number	Mean	Standard deviation	Percentiles
				5th	10th	25th	50th	75th	90th	95th
Male (n=8656)
10-14	788	102.5	24.8	65	74	85	100	118	134	144
15-19	566	100.9	26.5	65	70	83	98	115	133	145
20-24	327	114.7	29.8	74	81	92	109	133	153	170
25-29	432	128.8	32.9	82	89	105	126	150	172	187
30-34	550	139.0	35.3	84	95	116	139	163	182	194
35-39	773	144.0	34.6	90	102	119	143	166	189	207
40-44	742	144.8	36.3	90	102	122	143	167	190	202
45-49	640	147.9	38.5	93	102	124	145	171	192	212
50-54	704	145.9	35.5	94	103	122	144	167	191	205
55-59	691	141.0	37.2	85	94	115	140	164	185	204
60-64	714	135.8	34.3	81	89	110	134	159	181	193
65-69	621	132.6	32.9	80	88	112	131	154	175	188
70-74	611	133.2	34.5	79	93	108	131	155	178	194
75-79	360	130.1	33.9	78	90	107	128	151	176	192
80+	137	125.0	32.5	77	82	101	124	142	168	185
Premenopausal female (n=5869)
10-14	675	109.1	23.6	73	81	93	106	123	140	150
15-19	524	105.4	25.3	69	76	88	102	119	137	153
20-24	470	107.3	26.7	71	77	89	104	123	142	155
25-29	593	114.1	29.8	75	83	95	110	129	151	171
30-34	790	118.4	30.6	76	83	96	114	136	158	175
35-39	1043	122.9	31.6	80	87	100	119	140	162	179
40-44	850	127.1	29.8	82	92	106	125	143	168	181
45-49	645	137.1	32.9	89	95	114	135	156	179	193
50-54	279	144.7	31.5	97	103	120	144	166	186	200
Postmenopausal female (n=3909)
45-49	119	139.0	31.7	93	100	114	139	158	175	194
50-54	617	151.5	36.0	98	109	126	148	171	198	218
55-59	670	153.5	36.7	96	106	127	152	177	203	217
60-64	648	150.3	35.3	91	104	125	149	174	195	209
65-69	578	148.1	36.4	90	102	122	145	172	197	208
70-74	638	146.8	36.7	89	100	122	146	171	196	207
75-79	441	145.3	36.3	91	99	120	144	165	189	206
80+	198	149.2	34.6	98	109	124	147	167	195	217