The current graphene safety landscape--a literature mining exercise.

As for any novel nanomaterial, the development of applications and industrial adoption of graphene-based materials will be subject to the confirmation of their safety profile and risk assessment. The analysis performed here maps the current knowledge of the safety of graphene-based materials as extracted by a literature mapping exercise of studies investigating these materials in preclinical animal models. We attempt to identify gaps for future studies and elucidate the critically important structure-function correlations between reported biological effects and graphene-based material physicochemical characteristics.