| Literature DB >> 25803698 |
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Abstract
Entities:
Year: 2015 PMID: 25803698 PMCID: PMC4372592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118763
Source DB: PubMed Journal: PLoS One ISSN: 1932-6203 Impact factor: 3.240
Multivariable adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for initiating each antihypertensive medication class among Medicare beneficiaries in 2007–2010.
| Antihypertensive medication class initiated | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | ACE-inhibitors (n = 10105) | ARBs (n = 4583) | Thiazide diuretics (n = 6040) | Loop diuretics (n = 3798) | Potassium-sparing diuretics (n = 973) | Beta blockers (n = 8658) | CCBs (n = 5593) | >1 class (n = 7961) |
| Year | ||||||||
| 2007 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ref | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ref |
| 2008 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) |
| 2009 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.99 (0.91–1.06) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) |
| 2010 | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) |
| Age | ||||||||
| 65–69 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ref |
| 70–74 | 0.93 (0.89–0.97) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 0.99 (0.82–1.18) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) |
| 75–79 | 0.85 (0.81–0.90) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | 1.41 (1.27–1.56) | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | 0.89 (0.84–0.95) |
| 80–84 | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 1.69 (1.53–1.88) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 0.86 (0.81–0.92) |
| 85+ | 0.73 (0.70–0.78) | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | 0.67 (0.62–0.73) | 2.23 (2.02 2.46) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | 0.82 (0.77–0.87) |
| Male | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | 0.84 (0.79–0.88) | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.55 (0.47–0.64) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ref | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Black | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.48 (1.38–1.58) | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 1.00 (0.95–1.07) | 1.68 (1.57–1.80) | 1.48 (1.40–1.56) |
| Hispanic | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) | 1.28 (1.12–1.48) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) | 0.61 (0.37–1.02) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) |
| Asian | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | 1.80 (1.59 2.04) | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.48 (0.38–0.61) | 0.72 (0.44–1.16) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.51 (1.33–1.71) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) |
| Other | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) | 0.94 (0.80–1.09) | 0.82 (0.67–1.01) | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 1.44 (1.26–1.64) | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) |
| Medicaid buy-in | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | 1.33 (1.25–1.42) | 0.67 (0.56–0.80) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.88 (0.83–0.92) |
| Diabetes | 1.35 (1.30–1.39) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.82 (0.78–0.87) | 1.25 (1.18–1.33) | 0.58 (0.48–0.69) | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) | 0.75 (0.69–0.82) | 0.60 (0.55–0.65) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | 0.63 (0.51–0.79) | 1.74 (1.67–1.81) | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) |
| Stroke | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 0.73 (0.64–0.83) | 0.60 (0.53–0.68) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.25 (1.16–1.36) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | 0.73 (0.65–0.81) | 0.62 (0.55–0.69) | 1.19 (1.10–1.28) | 0.64 (0.48–0.86) | 1.20 (1.14–1.27) | 1.47 (1.37–1.57) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) |
| Heart failure | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.72 (0.65–0.81) | 0.54 (0.48–0.61) | 3.23 (3.03 3.45) | 0.52 (0.38–0.71) | 1.25 (1.19–1.32) | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 1.45 (1.37–1.53) |
Abbreviations: ACE = angiotensin-converting-enzyme; ARB = Angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB = Calcium channel blocker.
The comparison group for each medication class initiated is not initiating that medication class.
The comparison group for initiating more than one antihypertensive medication class is initiating only one medication class.