Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve implantation for patients with degenerative surgical bioprosthetic valves.

Bioprosthetic tissue valves are increasingly utilized during surgical aortic valve replacement. These valves have limited durability and many fail with time, resulting in stenosis, regurgitation, or both. Repeat cardiac surgery has been the standard of care for patients with failed bioprostheses. Transcatheter valve implantation inside failed surgically implanted bioprostheses (valve-in-valve) is a new less invasive alternative to repeat surgery. We review the potential and challenges of valve-in-valve implantation in patients with failing surgical aortic bioprostheses.