BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of ischemic strokes has no any identified underlying cause. Notably, the prevalence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is increased in cryptogenic stroke (CS) populations, which may serve as a conduit for paradoxical emboli originating from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) including the pelvic veins. Yet, there are no published guidelines for the assessment of pelvic veins as part of the stroke workup and few studies have systematically investigated pelvic veins as a potential source for paradoxical emboli in CS patients. Further, there is a relative paucity of data regarding pelvic DVT in CS and results have been conflicting. Hence, we sought to determine the prevalence of pelvic DVT in select CS patients with PFO who underwent magnetic resonance venography (MRV). METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients (n = 50) who underwent contrast-enhanced pelvic MRV at the discretion of the treating physician for the evaluation of CS in the presence of a PFO during hospitalization at a single academic stroke center between January 2011 through December 2013. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors independently associated with the presence of an abnormal MRV pelvis. RESULTS: Patients (47 ± 13 years of age) had MRV performed 4 ± 3 days after their incident stroke. Nine patients had an abnormal MRV (18%). Of these, four (8%) had pelvic vein thrombosis and 5 (10%) a May-Thurner anatomic variant. All patients with pelvic DVT were subsequently anticoagulated with warfarin (none had abnormal hypercoagulability testing). Clinical clues suggesting paradoxical embolism were present in as many as 40% of patients. On multivariable logistic regression, a history of any risk factors predisposing to DVT (OR 6.7; coefficient 1.9; BCa 95% CI 0.08-20.2; p = 0.014) as well as the number of predisposing risk factors (OR 3.9; coefficient 1.4; BCa 95% CI 0.25-4.2; p = 0.005) predicted the presence of pelvic vein pathology on MRV. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate a relatively high prevalence of pelvic DVT among select CS patients emphasizing the importance of considering the pelvic veins as a potential source for emboli particularly in the presence of risk factors known to predispose DVT. Because patients were included at the treating physician's discretion, our results reflect 'real-life' practice. Our results may be of clinical importance as inclusion of pelvic vein imaging in CS patients with PFO had impactful therapeutic and nosologic implications. Further study is needed to define patients most likely to benefit from pelvic vein imaging.
BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of ischemic strokes has no any identified underlying cause. Notably, the prevalence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is increased in cryptogenic stroke (CS) populations, which may serve as a conduit for paradoxical emboli originating from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) including the pelvic veins. Yet, there are no published guidelines for the assessment of pelvic veins as part of the stroke workup and few studies have systematically investigated pelvic veins as a potential source for paradoxical emboli in CSpatients. Further, there is a relative paucity of data regarding pelvic DVT in CS and results have been conflicting. Hence, we sought to determine the prevalence of pelvic DVT in select CSpatients with PFO who underwent magnetic resonance venography (MRV). METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients (n = 50) who underwent contrast-enhanced pelvic MRV at the discretion of the treating physician for the evaluation of CS in the presence of a PFO during hospitalization at a single academic stroke center between January 2011 through December 2013. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess for factors independently associated with the presence of an abnormal MRV pelvis. RESULTS:Patients (47 ± 13 years of age) had MRV performed 4 ± 3 days after their incident stroke. Nine patients had an abnormal MRV (18%). Of these, four (8%) had pelvic vein thrombosis and 5 (10%) a May-Thurner anatomic variant. All patients with pelvic DVT were subsequently anticoagulated with warfarin (none had abnormal hypercoagulability testing). Clinical clues suggesting paradoxical embolism were present in as many as 40% of patients. On multivariable logistic regression, a history of any risk factors predisposing to DVT (OR 6.7; coefficient 1.9; BCa 95% CI 0.08-20.2; p = 0.014) as well as the number of predisposing risk factors (OR 3.9; coefficient 1.4; BCa 95% CI 0.25-4.2; p = 0.005) predicted the presence of pelvic vein pathology on MRV. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate a relatively high prevalence of pelvic DVT among select CSpatients emphasizing the importance of considering the pelvic veins as a potential source for emboli particularly in the presence of risk factors known to predispose DVT. Because patients were included at the treating physician's discretion, our results reflect 'real-life' practice. Our results may be of clinical importance as inclusion of pelvic vein imaging in CSpatients with PFO had impactful therapeutic and nosologic implications. Further study is needed to define patients most likely to benefit from pelvic vein imaging.