General nanomoulding with bulk metallic glasses.

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are ideal for nanomoulding as they possess desirable strength for molds as well as for moldable materials and furthermore lack intrinsic size limitations. Despite their attractiveness, only recently Pt-based BMGs have been successfully molded into pores ranging 10-100 nm (Kumar et al 2009 Nature 457 868-72). Here, we introduce a quantitative theory, which reveals previous challenges in filling nanosized pores. This theory considers, in addition to a viscous and a capillary term, also oxidation, which becomes increasingly more important on smaller length scales. Based on this theory we construct a nanomoulding processing map for BMG, which reveals the limiting factors for BMG nanomoulding. Based on the quantitative prediction of the processing map, we introduce a strategy to reduce the capillary effect through a wetting layer, which allows us to mold non-noble BMGs below 1 μm in air. An additional benefit of this strategy is that it drastically facilitates demoulding, one of the main challenges of nanomoulding in general.