Optimal management of immune-related toxicities associated with checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer.

Antibodies against immune checkpoints including CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 are increasingly being used in lung cancer. They are associated with novel, immune related toxicities not previously encountered with established treatments for lung cancer including colitis, hepatitis, rashes, neuropathies and other rarer immune mediated toxicities. Although generally these are low grade, there is a potential to be life threatening if not managed promptly. Early recognition of toxicity and institution of management algorithms are key to ensuring patient safety. We review the common toxicities and provide recommendations on their management.