Social information processing following resection of the insular cortex.

The insula has been implicated in social cognition and empathy in several neuroimaging paradigms. Impairments in social information processing, including specific deficits in disgust recognition, have been described following isolated insular damage, although the evidence remains limited to a few case studies. The present study examines social cognition and empathy in a group of fifteen patients for whom the insula was removed as part of their epilepsy surgery. These patients were compared to a lesion-control group of 15 epileptic patients who had a surgery in the anterior temporal lobe that spared the insula, and to 20 healthy volunteers matched on age, sex, and education. Participants were assessed on an Emotion Recognition Task (ERT), the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, and a self-administered empathy questionnaire. Patients who underwent insular resection showed poorer ability to recognize facial expressions of emotions and had lower scores of perspective taking on the empathy questionnaire than healthy controls. Using results from healthy controls as normative data, emotion recognition deficits were more frequent in insular patients than in both other groups. Specific emotion analyses revealed impairments in fear recognition in both groups of patients, whereas happiness and surprise recognition was only impaired in patients with insular resection. There was no evidence for a deficit in disgust recognition. The findings suggest that unilateral damage to the operculo-insular region may be associated with subtle impairments in emotion recognition, and provide further clinical evidence of a role of the insula in empathic processes. However, the description of 15 consecutive cases of insula-damaged patients with no specific deficit in disgust recognition seriously challenges the assumptions, based on previous case reports, that the insula is specifically involved in disgust processing.