S Yaghoubifard1, A Rashidian2, A Kebriaeezadeh1, R Majdzadeh3, S A Hosseini1, A Akbari Sari4, J Salamzadeh5. 1. Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: arashidian@tums.ac.ir. 3. Knowledge Utilization Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4. Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Knowledge Utilization Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To develop a valid and reliable tool to evaluate access to, and use of, medicines at household level (HH-ATM tool). STUDY DESIGN: The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use was adapted and used as the conceptual framework for developing the HH-ATM tool. Questionnaires were designed (individual and household) based on the conceptual framework and existing tools, including items that captured the characteristics of predisposing, enabling and need factors; health care behaviours; outcomes and impacts. METHODS: Face validity, content validity and test-retest reliability were assessed using inter-rater agreement, item and scale content validity indices, comprehensiveness indices, and intra-class correlation, kappa and weighted-kappa coefficients. RESULTS: The household and individual questionnaires demonstrated appropriate validity and reliability. The content validity of household questionnaire was favourable, with inter-rater agreement of 86% and 91% for relevance and clarity, respectively. Scale content validity indices for relevance and clarity were 89% and 91%, respectively, and comprehensiveness was scored at 100%. These indices were also favourable for the individual questionnaire, all scoring 94% or higher. CONCLUSION: The questionnaires showed excellent validity and reliability for use in Iran. The HH-ATM tool can be implemented to evaluate access to, and use of, medicines in Farsi-speaking communities, and may be useful in other communities if adapted appropriately.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a valid and reliable tool to evaluate access to, and use of, medicines at household level (HH-ATM tool). STUDY DESIGN: The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use was adapted and used as the conceptual framework for developing the HH-ATM tool. Questionnaires were designed (individual and household) based on the conceptual framework and existing tools, including items that captured the characteristics of predisposing, enabling and need factors; health care behaviours; outcomes and impacts. METHODS: Face validity, content validity and test-retest reliability were assessed using inter-rater agreement, item and scale content validity indices, comprehensiveness indices, and intra-class correlation, kappa and weighted-kappa coefficients. RESULTS: The household and individual questionnaires demonstrated appropriate validity and reliability. The content validity of household questionnaire was favourable, with inter-rater agreement of 86% and 91% for relevance and clarity, respectively. Scale content validity indices for relevance and clarity were 89% and 91%, respectively, and comprehensiveness was scored at 100%. These indices were also favourable for the individual questionnaire, all scoring 94% or higher. CONCLUSION: The questionnaires showed excellent validity and reliability for use in Iran. The HH-ATM tool can be implemented to evaluate access to, and use of, medicines in Farsi-speaking communities, and may be useful in other communities if adapted appropriately.
Authors: Saeed Yaghoubifard; Arash Rashidian; Abbas Kebriaeezadeh; Ali Sheidaei; Mehdi Varmaghani; Amir Hashemi-Meshkini; Hedieh-Sadat Zekri Journal: J Res Pharm Pract Date: 2016 Apr-Jun