| Literature DB >> 25765448 |
Alessandra Bernadete Trovó de Marqui1.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To present the main results of the literature on genetic polymorphisms in Turner Syndrome and their association with the clinical signs and the etiology of this chromosomal disorder. DATA SOURCE: The review was conducted in the PubMed database without any time limit, using the terms Turner syndrome and genetic polymorphism. A total of 116 articles were found, and based on the established inclusion and exclusion criteria 17 were selected for the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: The polymorphisms investigated in patients with Turner Syndrome were associated with growth deficit, causing short stature, low bone mineral density, autoimmunity and cardiac abnormalities, which are frequently found in patients with Turner Syndrome. The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the etiology of Turner syndrome, i.e., in chromosomal nondisjunction, was also confirmed.Entities:
Keywords: Aneuploidia; Aneuploidy; Genetic polymorphism; Growth hormone; Hormônio do crescimento; Polimorfismo genético; Síndrome de Turner; Turner syndrome
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 25765448 PMCID: PMC4620965 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2014.11.014
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Paul Pediatr ISSN: 0103-0582
Summary of key findings of 17 studies that evaluated genetic polymorphisms in Turner syndrome.
| Gene/Reference | Sample size | Origin | Main findings or conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| GHR Binder et al. | 53 girls with short stature due to TS | Germany | Girls with TS treated with rhGH therapy and carriers of one or two d3 alleles showed increased growth rate, exceeded the projected growth and showed a gain of 1.5cm in height |
| 60 children small for GA | |||
| 62 controls | |||
| GHR Binder et al. | 48 women with TS | Germany | d3-GHR in homozygous state was associated with gain in height and the mean weight and BMI were lower in Group d3/d3 in patients undergoing GH therapy |
| GHR Ko et al. | 175 patients with TS | Korea | The d3-GHR genotype was not associated with growth and weight (BMI) in TS patients undergoing GH therapy |
| 100 controls | |||
| GHR and VDR Alvarez-Nava et al. | 28 children with GHD | Venezuela | Polymorphisms, either individually or in combination, did not contribute to GH therapy response |
| 25 patients com TS | |||
| 100 healthy adults | |||
| GHR Baş et al. | 218 patients with GHD | Turkey | Response to GH therapy does not depend on d3-GHR genotypes |
| 43 patients with TS | |||
| 477 adult controls | |||
| GHR and IGFBP3 Braz et al. | 112 patients with TS | Brazil | Patients carrying at least one GHR-d3 allele or −202 A IGFBP3 had higher growth rate and became taller adults than those homozygous for GHR-fl or −202C IGFBP3, with the two latter ones being associated with less favorable growth results after rhGH treatment |
| GHR, IGFBP3 and SOCS2 Braz et al. | 65 patients with TS 47 height patients with GHD | Brazil | Polymorphism SOCS2 alone (allele C) showed influence on adult height. SOCS2 – T, GHR-fl and −202C IGFBP3 in homozygous state were unfavorable genotypes for adult height |
| VDR Peralta-López et al. | 65 women with TS 110 genotype healthy | Argentina | Polymorphisms BsmI and FokI, genotypes
bb and ff respectively, were associated with lower BMD, whereas the
polymorphic site ApaI was not. Osteocalcin and β- |
| VDR Peralta-López et al. | 55 patients with TS 59 control women | Argentina | Patients with the GG genotype of polymorphism Cdx2 showed higher levels of osteocalcin and β-CrossLaps, i.e., markers of bone formation and resorption, respectively |
| ER-α Sowinska-Przepiera et al. | 32 patients with TS 82 therapy healthy control women | Poland | The recessive homozygous genotypes (xx and pp) of polymorphism XbaI and PvuII were considered good markers of bone mineralization in patients undergoing estroprogestagen therapy |
| VDR Bianco et al. | 101 women with TS 133 healthy fertile women without history of autoimmune disease | Brazil | Individual analysis of the four polymorphisms (ApaI, TaqI, FokI and BsmI) and by haplotype showed no association with thyroid abnormalities and TS |
| PTPN22 Bianco et al. | 142 women with TS 180 healthy and fertile women without history of autoimmune disease | Brazil | Genotype frequencies of polymorphism C1858T were statistically different in TS, suggesting that this SNP could be a major genetic risk factor that predisposes to autoimmune disease in Brazilian patients with TS |
| AT2R Struwe et al. | 97 patients with Coa | Germany | A→G transition at position 1675 in intron 1 of AT2R gene is not associated with the pathogenesis of CoA and/or TS |
| 28 patients with TS | |||
| 10 patients with CoA and TS | |||
| 96 healthy children | |||
| MTHFR Santos et al. | 49 patients with TS 200 apparently healthy individuals | Brazil | Individuals with TS showed an increase in the frequency of homozygous genotype C677T, indicating possible risk factor for chromosomal non-disjunction as it decreases the activity of the MTHFR enzyme |
| MTHFR Oliveira et al. | 140 patients with TS | Brazil | In patients with TS, the 1298CC genotype was more frequent and associated with increased risk of aneuploidy |
| 209 healthy fertile women with no children with chromosomal aneuploidy | |||
| MTHFR Oliveira et al. | 78 women with TS | Brazil | Polymorphism MTHFR A1298C (allele C) and the two haplotypes CC and TC of SNPs MTHFR, C677T and A1298C were also associated with TS |
| 372 healthy individuals without personal or family history of cardiovascular disease and cancer | |||
| EFHC2 Zinn et al. | 97 Caucasian patients with TS | USA | Polymorphism rs7055196 was not associated with fear |
TS, Turner syndrome; rhGH, recombinant human growth hormone; GH, growth hormone; BMI, body mass index; GHD, GH deficiency; BMD, bone mineral density; CoA, coarctation of the aorta; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; GA, gestational age.
Síntese dos principais resultados dos 17 estudos que avaliaram polimorfismos genéticos em síndrome de Turner
| Gene/Referência | Tamanho amostral | Origem | Principais achados ou conclusão |
|---|---|---|---|
| GHR Binder et al. | 53 meninas com baixa estatura por ST | Alemanha | Meninas com ST tratadas com terapia rhGH e portadoras de um ou dois alelos d3 mostraram aumento na velocidade de crescimento, excederam a previsão de crescimento e exibiram um ganho de 1,5cm de altura. |
| 60 crianças nascidas pequenas para IG | |||
| 62 controles | |||
| GHR Binder et al. | 48 mulheres com ST | Alemanha | A homozigose para d3‐GHR foi associada a ganho de estatura e a média de peso e IMC foram menores no grupo d3/d3 em pacientes sob terapia com GH. |
| GHR Ko et al. | 175 pacientes com ST | Coreia | O genótipo d3‐GHR não foi associado a crescimento e peso (IMC) em pacientes com ST sob terapia GH. |
| 100 controles | |||
| GHR e VDR Alvarez‐Nava et al. | 28 crianças com GHD | Venezuela | Os polimorfismos, tanto individualmente ou combinados, não contribuíram para a resposta à terapia GH. |
| 25 pacientes com ST | |||
| 100 adultos saudáveis | |||
| GHR Bas et al. | 218 pacientes com GHD | Turquia | A resposta à terapia GH não depende dos genótipos d3‐GHR. |
| 43 pacientes com ST | |||
| 477 adultos controles | |||
| GHR e IGFBP3 Braz et al. | 112 pacientes com ST | Brasil | Pacientes portadoras de pelo menos um alelo GHR‐d3 ou ‐202 A IGFBP3 apresentaram velocidade de crescimento mais elevada e tornaram‐se adultas mais altas que aquelas homozigotas para GHR‐fl ou ‐202C IGFBP3, sendo esses últimos associados com resultados de crescimento menos favoráveis após tratamento com rhGH. |
| GHR, IGFBP3 e SOCS2 Braz et
al. | 65 pacientes com ST | Brasil | O polimorfismo SOCS2 isolado (alelo C) teve influência na estatura adulta. As homozigoses SOCS2 – T, GHR‐fl e ‐202C IGFBP3 constituíram genótipos desfavoráveis para estatura adulta. |
| 47 pacientes com GHD | |||
| VDR Peralta‐López et al. | 65 mulheres com ST | Argentina | Os polimorfismos BsmI e FokI,
genótipos bb e ff respectivamente, foram associados a DMO mais baixa,
enquanto o sítio polimórfico ApaI não. A osteocalcina e
β‐ |
| 110 mulheres saudáveis | |||
| VDR Peralta‐López et al. | 55 pacientes com ST | Argentina | Pacientes portadoras do genótipo GG
do polimorfismo Cdx2 exibiram níveis mais elevados de osteocalcina e
β‐ |
| 59 mulheres controles | |||
| ER‐α Sowinska‐Przepiera et al. | 32 pacientes com ST | Polônia | Os genótipos homozigotos recessivos (xx e pp) dos polimorfismos XbaI e PvuII foram considerados como bons marcadores de mineralização óssea em pacientes sob terapia com estroprogestágeno. |
| 82 mulheres controles saudáveis | |||
| VDR Bianco et al. | 101 mulheres com ST | Brasil | A análise individual dos quatro polimorfismos (ApaI, TaqI, FokI e BsmI) e por haplótipo não revelou qualquer associação com anormalidades na tireoide e ST. |
| 133 mulheres férteis saudáveis sem história de doença autoimune | |||
| PTPN22 Bianco et al. | 142 mulheres com ST | Brasil | As frequências genotípicas do polimorfismo C1858T foram estatisticamente diferentes em ST, o que sugere que esse SNP pode ser um fator genético importante que predispõe a risco para doença autoimune em pacientes brasileiras com ST. |
| 180 mulheres saudáveis e férteis sem história de doença autoimune | |||
| AT2R Struwe et al. | 97 pacientes com CoA | Alemanha | A transição A→G na posição 1675 no intron 1 do gene AT2R não está associada a patogênese da CoA e/ou ST. |
| 28 pacientes com ST | |||
| 10 pacientes com CoA e ST | |||
| 96 crianças saudáveis | |||
| MTHFR Santos et al. | 49 pacientes com ST | Brasil | Indivíduos com ST apresentaram um aumento na frequência do genótipo homozigoto C677T, o que indica ser um fator de risco para não disjunção cromossômica por diminuir a atividade da enzima MTHFR. |
| 200 indivíduos aparentemente saudáveis | |||
| MTHFR Oliveira et al. | 140 pacientes com ST | Brasil | Nas pacientes com ST, o genótipo 1298CC foi mais frequente e associado a risco elevado de aneuploidia. |
| 209 mulheres férteis, saudáveis e sem prole com aneuploidia cromossômica | |||
| MTHFR Oliveira et al. | 78 mulheres com ST | Brasil | O polimorfismo MTHFR A1298C (alelo C) e os dois haplótipos CC e TC dos SNPs MTHFR, C677T e A1298C também foram associados a ST. |
| 372 indivíduos saudáveis sem história pessoal ou familiar de doença cardiovascular e câncer | |||
| EFHC2 Zinn et al. | 97 pacientes brancas com ST | Estados Unidos | O polimorfismo rs7055196 não foi associado a medo. |
ST, síndrome de Turner; rhGH, hormônio de crescimento recombinante humano; GH, hormônio de crescimento; IMC, índice de massa corpórea; GHD, deficiência de GH; DMO, densidade mineral óssea; CoA, coartação da aorta; SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms; IG, idade gestacional.