PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively safety and efficacy of transurethral cystolithotripsy (CL) in children using holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser. This is important in developing countries, because the risk of bladder stones in children is high. Open cystolithotomy (OC) was the main line of treatment. A gradual shift has occurred toward endourologic treatment after improvement of pediatric endoscopes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2010 and May 2011, 33 children <12 years old with vesical calculi were treated. Children with orthopedic deformities, urethral stricture, history of urethral operations or bladder reconstruction, or stones >4 cm were excluded. Cystoscopies were performed under general anesthesia using 9 to 11F cystoscopes. Stones were completely fragmented under video guidance. Ho:YAG was applied at a power of 30 W. RESULTS: Median age was 3 years (0.5-11). Mean stone size was 2.02±0.82 cm (1-4 cm). Mean operative duration was 31.21 minutes (20-50). All children were discharged within 24 hours. A single operative session was performed for each patient. No complications were detected. After a mean follow-up of 16.87±4.08 months, all children were stone free, without development of any urethral stricture or recurrence of stones. Operative duration was significantly longer in stones >20 mm (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Ho:YAG laser CL is a safe and successful minimally invasive treatment option for bladder stones in children. Success rate was 100% without development of any complications or recurrence.
PURPOSE: To evaluate prospectively safety and efficacy of transurethral cystolithotripsy (CL) in children using holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser. This is important in developing countries, because the risk of bladder stones in children is high. Open cystolithotomy (OC) was the main line of treatment. A gradual shift has occurred toward endourologic treatment after improvement of pediatric endoscopes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2010 and May 2011, 33 children <12 years old with vesical calculi were treated. Children with orthopedic deformities, urethral stricture, history of urethral operations or bladder reconstruction, or stones >4 cm were excluded. Cystoscopies were performed under general anesthesia using 9 to 11F cystoscopes. Stones were completely fragmented under video guidance. Ho:YAG was applied at a power of 30 W. RESULTS: Median age was 3 years (0.5-11). Mean stone size was 2.02±0.82 cm (1-4 cm). Mean operative duration was 31.21 minutes (20-50). All children were discharged within 24 hours. A single operative session was performed for each patient. No complications were detected. After a mean follow-up of 16.87±4.08 months, all children were stone free, without development of any urethral stricture or recurrence of stones. Operative duration was significantly longer in stones >20 mm (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Ho:YAG laser CL is a safe and successful minimally invasive treatment option for bladder stones in children. Success rate was 100% without development of any complications or recurrence.