M Spaan1, A W van den Belt-Dusebout1, M Schaapveld1, T M Mooij1, C W Burger2, F E van Leeuwen3. 1. Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, CX 1066, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Center, Postbus 2040, Rotterdam, CA 3000, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, CX 1066, The Netherlands f.v.leeuwen@nki.nl.
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION: Do women treated with ovarian stimulation for IVF have an increased risk of melanoma? SUMMARY ANSWER: Ovarian stimulation for IVF does not increase risk of melanoma, even after a prolonged follow-up. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Although exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the major risk factor for melanoma, associations between female sex steroids and melanoma risk have also been suggested. The results of available studies on fertility drugs and melanoma risk are inconclusive since most studies had several methodological limitations such as short follow-up, a small number of cases and no subfertile comparison group. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: In 1996, a nationwide historic cohort study (the OMEGA-cohort) was established to examine the risk of cancer after ovarian stimulation for IVF. After a median follow-up of 17 years, cancer incidence was ascertained through linkage with the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Melanoma risk in the cohort was compared with that in the general population and between the IVF group and non-IVF group using multivariable Cox regression analyses. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The cohort comprises 19 158 women who received IVF between 1983 and 1995 and a comparison group of 5950 women who underwent subfertility treatments other than IVF. Detailed IVF-treatment data were obtained from the medical records and complete information on parity and age at first birth was obtained through linkage with the Dutch Municipal Personal Records Database. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In total, 93 melanoma cases were observed. The risk of melanoma was not elevated among IVF-treated women, neither when compared with the general population (standardized incidence ratio = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-1.12), nor when compared with the non-IVF group (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27; 95% CI: 0.75-2.15). A higher number of IVF cycles was associated with apparent but statistically non-significant risk increases (5-6 cycles HR = 1.92; ≥7 cycles HR = 1.79). However, no significant trend emerged. In women with more follicle stimulating hormone/human menopausal gonadotrophin ampoules comparable non-significant risk increases were found. A longer follow-up did not increase melanoma risk. Nulliparous women did not have a significantly higher melanoma risk than parous women (HR = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.81-1.84). However, women who were 30 years of age or older at first birth had a significantly higher melanoma risk than women who were younger than 30 years at first birth (age: 30-34 years HR = 4.57; 95% CI: 2.07-10.08, >34 years HR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.23-7.21). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Despite our large cohort, the number of melanoma cases was rather small, especially in our comparison group, which hampered subgroup analyses. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results are reassuring for women who underwent IVF or are contemplating to start IVF. Since our cohort study is one of the largest published so far, with long-term follow-up, a subfertile comparison group, and detailed IVF-treatment data, our results add important information to the available evidence. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST: This study was supported by grants from the Dutch Cancer Society (NKI 2006-3631), the Health Research and Development Counsel (28-2540) and the Dutch Ministry of Health.
STUDY QUESTION: Do women treated with ovarian stimulation for IVF have an increased risk of melanoma? SUMMARY ANSWER: Ovarian stimulation for IVF does not increase risk of melanoma, even after a prolonged follow-up. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Although exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the major risk factor for melanoma, associations between female sex steroids and melanoma risk have also been suggested. The results of available studies on fertility drugs and melanoma risk are inconclusive since most studies had several methodological limitations such as short follow-up, a small number of cases and no subfertile comparison group. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: In 1996, a nationwide historic cohort study (the OMEGA-cohort) was established to examine the risk of cancer after ovarian stimulation for IVF. After a median follow-up of 17 years, cancer incidence was ascertained through linkage with the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Melanoma risk in the cohort was compared with that in the general population and between the IVF group and non-IVF group using multivariable Cox regression analyses. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The cohort comprises 19 158 women who received IVF between 1983 and 1995 and a comparison group of 5950 women who underwent subfertility treatments other than IVF. Detailed IVF-treatment data were obtained from the medical records and complete information on parity and age at first birth was obtained through linkage with the Dutch Municipal Personal Records Database. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In total, 93 melanoma cases were observed. The risk of melanoma was not elevated among IVF-treated women, neither when compared with the general population (standardized incidence ratio = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-1.12), nor when compared with the non-IVF group (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27; 95% CI: 0.75-2.15). A higher number of IVF cycles was associated with apparent but statistically non-significant risk increases (5-6 cycles HR = 1.92; ≥7 cycles HR = 1.79). However, no significant trend emerged. In women with more follicle stimulating hormone/human menopausal gonadotrophin ampoules comparable non-significant risk increases were found. A longer follow-up did not increase melanoma risk. Nulliparous women did not have a significantly higher melanoma risk than parous women (HR = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.81-1.84). However, women who were 30 years of age or older at first birth had a significantly higher melanoma risk than women who were younger than 30 years at first birth (age: 30-34 years HR = 4.57; 95% CI: 2.07-10.08, >34 years HR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.23-7.21). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Despite our large cohort, the number of melanoma cases was rather small, especially in our comparison group, which hampered subgroup analyses. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results are reassuring for women who underwent IVF or are contemplating to start IVF. Since our cohort study is one of the largest published so far, with long-term follow-up, a subfertile comparison group, and detailed IVF-treatment data, our results add important information to the available evidence. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST: This study was supported by grants from the Dutch Cancer Society (NKI 2006-3631), the Health Research and Development Counsel (28-2540) and the Dutch Ministry of Health.
Authors: Mandy Spaan; Alexandra W van den Belt-Dusebout; Cornelis B Lambalk; Hester H van Boven; Roel Schats; Marian Kortman; Frank J M Broekmans; Joop S E Laven; Evert J P van Santbrink; Didi D M Braat; Lucette A J van der Westerlaken; Ben J Cohlen; Astrid E P Cantineau; Jesper M J Smeenk; Minouche M van Rumste; Mariëtte Goddijn; Ron J T van Golde; Paul A M Meeuwissen; Carl J C M Hamilton; Gabriële M Ouwens; Miranda A Gerritsma; Michael Schaapveld; Curt W Burger; Flora E van Leeuwen Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2021-06-01 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: M M Reigstad; I K Larsen; T Å Myklebust; T E Robsahm; N B Oldereid; A K Omland; S Vangen; L A Brinton; R Storeng Journal: Hum Reprod Date: 2015-06-24 Impact factor: 6.918
Authors: Mandy Spaan; Alexandra W van den Belt-Dusebout; Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink; Michael Hauptmann; Cornelis B Lambalk; Curt W Burger; Flora E van Leeuwen Journal: Hum Reprod Date: 2019-04-01 Impact factor: 6.918