Joseph T King1, Melissa F Perkal2, Ronnie A Rosenthal2, Adam J Gordon3, Stephen Crystal4, Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas5, Adeel A Butt3, Cynthia L Gibert6, David Rimland7, Michael S Simberkoff8, Amy C Justice9. 1. Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs (VA) Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven2Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. 2. Section of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven4Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. 3. Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania6Department of Medicine, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsbur. 4. Center for Health Services Research on Pharmacotherapy, Chronic Disease Management, and Outcomes, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. 5. Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas10Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. 6. Section of Infectious Diseases, Medical Service, VA Medical Center, Washington, DC12Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. 7. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia14Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. 8. Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York16Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York. 9. Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven18Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has converted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a chronic condition, and patients now undergo a variety of surgical procedures, but current surgical outcomes are inadequately characterized. OBJECTIVE: To compare 30-day postoperative mortality in patients with HIV infection receiving ART with the rates in uninfected individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of nationwide electronic medical record data from the US Veterans Health Administration Healthcare System, October 1, 1996, to September 30, 2010. Common inpatient surgical procedures were grouped using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Clinical Classification System to match HIV-infected and uninfected patients in a 1:2 ratio. Data on 1641 patients with HIV infection receiving combination ART who were undergoing inpatient surgery were compared with data on 3282 procedure-matched, uninfected comparators. Poisson regression models of 30-day postoperative mortality were adjusted for procedure year, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, hemoglobin level, albumin level, HIV infection, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA level. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: All-cause 30-day postoperative mortality. RESULTS: The most common procedures in both groups were cholecystectomy (10.5%), hip arthroplasty (10.5%), spine surgery (9.8%), herniorrhaphy (7.4%), and coronary artery bypass grafting (7.0%). In patients with HIV infection, CD4 cell distributions were 80.0% with 200/μL or more, 16.3% with 50/μL to 199/μL, and 3.7% with less than 50/μL; 74.1% of patients with HIV infection had undetectable HIV-1 RNA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was associated with higher 30-day postoperative mortality compared with the mortality in uninfected patients (3.4% [56 patients]) vs 1.6% [53]); incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.41-3.17; P < .001). CD4 cell count was inversely associated with mortality, but HIV-1 RNA provided no additional information. After adjustment, patients with HIV infection had increased mortality compared with uninfected patients at all CD4 cell count strata (≥500/μL: IRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.02-3.60; P = .04; 200-499/μL: IRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.20-2.98; P = .01; 50-199/μL: IRR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.29-5.47; P = .01; and <50/μL: IRR, 6.21; 95% CI, 3.55-10.85; P < .001). Hypoalbuminemia (IRR, 4.35; 95% CI, 2.78-6.81; P < .001) and age in decades (IRR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.23-1.76; P < .001) were also strongly associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Current postoperative mortality rates among individuals with HIV infection who are receiving ART are low and are influenced as much by hypoalbuminemia and age as by CD4 cell status. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell count are only 2 of many factors associated with surgical outcomes that should be incorporated into surgical decision making.
IMPORTANCE: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has converted humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection into a chronic condition, and patients now undergo a variety of surgical procedures, but current surgical outcomes are inadequately characterized. OBJECTIVE: To compare 30-day postoperative mortality in patients with HIV infection receiving ART with the rates in uninfected individuals. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of nationwide electronic medical record data from the US Veterans Health Administration Healthcare System, October 1, 1996, to September 30, 2010. Common inpatient surgical procedures were grouped using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Clinical Classification System to match HIV-infected and uninfected patients in a 1:2 ratio. Data on 1641 patients with HIV infection receiving combination ART who were undergoing inpatient surgery were compared with data on 3282 procedure-matched, uninfected comparators. Poisson regression models of 30-day postoperative mortality were adjusted for procedure year, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, hemoglobin level, albumin level, HIV infection, CD4 cell count, and HIV-1 RNA level. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: All-cause 30-day postoperative mortality. RESULTS: The most common procedures in both groups were cholecystectomy (10.5%), hip arthroplasty (10.5%), spine surgery (9.8%), herniorrhaphy (7.4%), and coronary artery bypass grafting (7.0%). In patients with HIV infection, CD4 cell distributions were 80.0% with 200/μL or more, 16.3% with 50/μL to 199/μL, and 3.7% with less than 50/μL; 74.1% of patients with HIV infection had undetectable HIV-1 RNA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was associated with higher 30-day postoperative mortality compared with the mortality in uninfected patients (3.4% [56 patients]) vs 1.6% [53]); incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.41-3.17; P < .001). CD4 cell count was inversely associated with mortality, but HIV-1 RNA provided no additional information. After adjustment, patients with HIV infection had increased mortality compared with uninfected patients at all CD4 cell count strata (≥500/μL: IRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.02-3.60; P = .04; 200-499/μL: IRR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.20-2.98; P = .01; 50-199/μL: IRR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.29-5.47; P = .01; and <50/μL: IRR, 6.21; 95% CI, 3.55-10.85; P < .001). Hypoalbuminemia (IRR, 4.35; 95% CI, 2.78-6.81; P < .001) and age in decades (IRR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.23-1.76; P < .001) were also strongly associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Current postoperative mortality rates among individuals with HIV infection who are receiving ART are low and are influenced as much by hypoalbuminemia and age as by CD4 cell status. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell count are only 2 of many factors associated with surgical outcomes that should be incorporated into surgical decision making.
Authors: Jack Harbell; John Fung; Nicholas Nissen; Kim Olthoff; Sander S Florman; Douglas W Hanto; Jimmy Light; Steve T Bartlett; Andreas G Tzakis; Thomas C Pearson; Burc Barin; Michelle E Roland; Peter G Stock Journal: Surgery Date: 2012-09 Impact factor: 3.982
Authors: Henry Selke; Steven Norris; Danielle Osterholzer; Kenneth H Fife; Barbara DeRose; Samir K Gupta Journal: AIDS Patient Care STDS Date: 2010-09 Impact factor: 5.078
Authors: Sylvia C Yoon; Frank P Hurst; Rahul M Jindal; Susan A George; Robert T Neff; Lawrence Y Agodoa; Paul L Kimmel; Kevin C Abbott Journal: Transplantation Date: 2011-04-27 Impact factor: 4.939
Authors: Keri N Althoff; Peter Rebeiro; John T Brooks; Kate Buchacz; Kelly Gebo; Jeffrey Martin; Robert Hogg; Jennifer E Thorne; Marina Klein; M John Gill; Timothy R Sterling; Baligh Yehia; Michael J Silverberg; Heidi Crane; Amy C Justice; Stephen J Gange; Richard Moore; Mari M Kitahata; Michael A Horberg Journal: Clin Infect Dis Date: 2014-01-23 Impact factor: 9.079
Authors: Ana Penman-Aguilar; Maura K Whiteman; Shanna Cox; Samuel F Posner; Susan F Meikle; Athena P Kourtis; Denise J Jamieson Journal: Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol Date: 2012-05-17
Authors: Keith M Sigel; Kimberly Stone; Juan P Wisnivesky; Lesley S Park; Chung Yin Kong; Michael J Silverberg; Sheldon Brown; Matthew Goetz; Maria C Rodriguez-Barradas; Cynthia Gibert; Fatma Shebl; Roger Bedimo; Roxanne Wadia; Joseph King; Kristina Crothers Journal: AIDS Date: 2019-07-01 Impact factor: 4.177
Authors: John V Gahagan; Wissam J Halabi; Vinh Q Nguyen; Joseph C Carmichael; Alessio Pigazzi; Michael J Stamos; Steven D Mills Journal: J Gastrointest Surg Date: 2016-03-03 Impact factor: 3.452
Authors: John A Woller Iii; Victoria L Walsh; Chad Robichaux; Vinod H Thourani; Jesse T Jacob Journal: Open Forum Infect Dis Date: 2018-10-20 Impact factor: 3.835
Authors: Carol A Lin; Phillip H Behrens; Guy Paiement; W David Hardy; James Mirocha; Robert L Rettig; Heidi L Kiziah; Andrew G Rudikoff; Antonio Hernandez Conte Journal: J Orthop Surg Res Date: 2020-08-12 Impact factor: 2.359
Authors: Federico Coccolini; Mario Improta; Massimo Sartelli; Kemal Rasa; Robert Sawyer; Raul Coimbra; Massimo Chiarugi; Andrey Litvin; Timothy Hardcastle; Francesco Forfori; Jean-Louis Vincent; Andreas Hecker; Richard Ten Broek; Luigi Bonavina; Mircea Chirica; Ugo Boggi; Emmanuil Pikoulis; Salomone Di Saverio; Philippe Montravers; Goran Augustin; Dario Tartaglia; Enrico Cicuttin; Camilla Cremonini; Bruno Viaggi; Belinda De Simone; Manu Malbrain; Vishal G Shelat; Paola Fugazzola; Luca Ansaloni; Arda Isik; Ines Rubio; Itani Kamal; Francesco Corradi; Antonio Tarasconi; Stefano Gitto; Mauro Podda; Anastasia Pikoulis; Ari Leppaniemi; Marco Ceresoli; Oreste Romeo; Ernest E Moore; Zaza Demetrashvili; Walter L Biffl; Imitiaz Wani; Matti Tolonen; Therese Duane; Sameer Dhingra; Nicola DeAngelis; Edward Tan; Fikri Abu-Zidan; Carlos Ordonez; Yunfeng Cui; Francesco Labricciosa; Gennaro Perrone; Francesco Di Marzo; Andrew Peitzman; Boris Sakakushev; Michael Sugrue; Marja Boermeester; Ramiro Manzano Nunez; Carlos Augusto Gomes; Miklosh Bala; Yoram Kluger; Fausto Catena Journal: World J Emerg Surg Date: 2021-08-09 Impact factor: 5.469