Athina Pappas1, Seetha Shankaran2, Scott A McDonald3, Betty R Vohr4, Susan R Hintz5, Richard A Ehrenkranz6, Jon E Tyson7, Kimberly Yolton8, Abhik Das9, Rebecca Bara2, Jane Hammond9, Rosemary D Higgins10. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; apappas@med.wayne.edu. 2. Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; 3. Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; 4. Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infant's Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; 5. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; 6. Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; 7. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; 8. Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; 9. Social, Statistical and Environmental Sciences Unit, RTI International, Rockville, Maryland; and. 10. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To describe the spectrum of cognitive outcomes of children with and without cerebral palsy (CP) after neonatal encephalopathy, evaluate the prognostic value of early developmental testing and report on school services and additional therapies. METHODS: The participants of this study are the school-aged survivors of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network randomized controlled trial of whole-body hypothermia. Children underwent neurologic examinations and neurodevelopmental and cognitive testing with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II at 18 to 22 months and the Wechsler intelligence scales and the Neuropsychological Assessment-Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment at 6 to 7 years. Parents were interviewed about functional status and receipt of school and support services. We explored predictors of cognitive outcome by using multiple regression models. RESULTS:Subnormal IQ scores were identified in more than a quarter of the children: 96% of survivors with CP had an IQ <70, 9% of children without CP had an IQ <70, and 31% had an IQ of 70 to 84. Children with a mental developmental index <70 at 18 months had, on average, an adjusted IQ at 6 to 7 years that was 42 points lower than that of those with a mental developmental index >84 (95% confidence interval, -49.3 to -35.0; P < .001). Twenty percent of children with normal IQ and 28% of those with IQ scores of 70 to 84 received special educational support services or were held back ≥1 grade level. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive impairment remains an important concern for all children with neonatal encephalopathy.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVES: To describe the spectrum of cognitive outcomes of children with and without cerebral palsy (CP) after neonatal encephalopathy, evaluate the prognostic value of early developmental testing and report on school services and additional therapies. METHODS: The participants of this study are the school-aged survivors of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network randomized controlled trial of whole-body hypothermia. Children underwent neurologic examinations and neurodevelopmental and cognitive testing with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II at 18 to 22 months and the Wechsler intelligence scales and the Neuropsychological Assessment-Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment at 6 to 7 years. Parents were interviewed about functional status and receipt of school and support services. We explored predictors of cognitive outcome by using multiple regression models. RESULTS: Subnormal IQ scores were identified in more than a quarter of the children: 96% of survivors with CP had an IQ <70, 9% of children without CP had an IQ <70, and 31% had an IQ of 70 to 84. Children with a mental developmental index <70 at 18 months had, on average, an adjusted IQ at 6 to 7 years that was 42 points lower than that of those with a mental developmental index >84 (95% confidence interval, -49.3 to -35.0; P < .001). Twenty percent of children with normal IQ and 28% of those with IQ scores of 70 to 84 received special educational support services or were held back ≥1 grade level. CONCLUSIONS:Cognitive impairment remains an important concern for all children with neonatal encephalopathy.
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