Michol A Cooper1, Elliott R Haut. 1. From the Department of Surgery (M.A.C., E.R.H.), Bloomberg School of Public Health (E.H.), Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality (E.R.H.), and the Center for Surgical Trials and Outcomes Research (E.H.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Division of Trauma and Critical Care (K.I.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.