First report of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an Egyptian child with β-thalassemia major.

β-Thalassemia (β-thal) is the most common hereditary anemia in humans. With improvement of treatment protocols, patients are living longer and new complications have emerged. Few articles have reported the occurrence of malignancies among patients with β-thal in different parts of the world. We herein report the first pediatric patient with β-thal major (β-TM), who developed acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Egypt with analysis of the different theories of pathogenesis.