Ann A Lazar1, Stuart A Gansky2, Donald D Halstead3, Anthony Slajs2, Jane A Weintraub4. 1. The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, & School of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, USA. 2. The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, USA. 3. Harvard School of Public Health, USA. 4. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Dentistry, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Because each patient's baseline (pre-treatment) characteristics differ (e.g., age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity/race, biomarkers), treatments do not work the same for every patient-some can even cause detrimental effects. To improve patient care, it is critical to identify such heterogeneity of treatment effects. But the standard analytic approach dichotomizes baseline characteristics (low vs. high) which often leads to a loss of critical patient-care information and power to detect heterogeneity, as the results may depend strongly on the cut-points chosen. A more powerful analytic approach is to analyze baseline characteristics (i.e., covariates) measured on a continuous scale that retains all of the information available for the covariate. METHODS: In this article, we show how the Johnson-Neyman (J-N) method can be used to identify the prognostic and predictive value of baseline covariates measured on a continuous scale - findings that often cannot be determined using the traditional dichotomized approach. As an example, we used the J-N method to explore treatment effects for varying levels of the biomarker salivary mutans streptococci (MS) in a randomized clinical prevention trial comparing fluoride varnish with no fluoride varnish for 376 initially caries-free high-risk children, all of whom received oral health counseling. RESULTS: The J-N analysis showed that children with higher baseline MS values who were randomized to receive fluoride varnish had the poorest dental caries prognosis and may have benefitted most from the preventive agent. CONCLUSION: Such methods are likely to be an important tool in the field of personalized oral health care.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVE: Because each patient's baseline (pre-treatment) characteristics differ (e.g., age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity/race, biomarkers), treatments do not work the same for every patient-some can even cause detrimental effects. To improve patient care, it is critical to identify such heterogeneity of treatment effects. But the standard analytic approach dichotomizes baseline characteristics (low vs. high) which often leads to a loss of critical patient-care information and power to detect heterogeneity, as the results may depend strongly on the cut-points chosen. A more powerful analytic approach is to analyze baseline characteristics (i.e., covariates) measured on a continuous scale that retains all of the information available for the covariate. METHODS: In this article, we show how the Johnson-Neyman (J-N) method can be used to identify the prognostic and predictive value of baseline covariates measured on a continuous scale - findings that often cannot be determined using the traditional dichotomized approach. As an example, we used the J-N method to explore treatment effects for varying levels of the biomarker salivary mutans streptococci (MS) in a randomized clinical prevention trial comparing fluoride varnish with no fluoride varnish for 376 initially caries-free high-risk children, all of whom received oral health counseling. RESULTS: The J-N analysis showed that children with higher baseline MS values who were randomized to receive fluoride varnish had the poorest dental caries prognosis and may have benefitted most from the preventive agent. CONCLUSION: Such methods are likely to be an important tool in the field of personalized oral health care.
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