Joorok Park1, Robert L Boyd2, Nicholas Bauter3, Michelle Bittner Eberle4, Megan Leraye Lecornu5, Terry Dischinger1. 1. Department of Orthodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA. 2. Department of Orthodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA. rboyd@pacific.edu. 3. Private practice of orthodontics in Reno, NV, USA. 4. Private practice of orthodontics in Anchorage, AK, USA. 5. Private practice of orthodontics in Santa Clarita, CA, USA.