Timing of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes and aplastic anemia.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a potentially curative procedure, but is associated with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. With the recent approval of disease-modifying agents, the appropriate timing of allogeneic HSCT needs to be addressed. Similarly, the optimal use of these disease-modifying agents before HSCT needs to be determined. In severe aplastic anemia, HSCT is a proven cure, but HLA-matched sibling donors are found in fewer than 25% of newly diagnosed patients. The use of early unrelated donor HSCT is an evolving concept that will become more accepted as improvements in HSCT outcomes continue.