Paul J Gruenewald1, Christina Mair2. 1. Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Oakland, CA, USA. 2. Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous research demonstrates that the number of problems related to each additional drink consumed on any drinking occasion, dose-response, varies non-linearly across average drinking quantities. We test predictions from a dynamic model of drinking behavior that locates this heterogeneity in drinkers' efforts to equilibrate between costs and benefits of use. DESIGN: Equations derived from the theoretical model are used to assess dose-response across drinking quantity subgroups using censored regressions. SETTING: Fourteen California, USA, college campuses surveyed from 2003 to 2011. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 37 762 undergraduate college students 18 years of age and older. MEASUREMENTS: Drinking patterns, five physiological problems related to alcohol use (hangover, memory loss, medical treatment for overdose, nausea/vomiting, passing out) and student demographics. FINDINGS: The number of physiological problems related to each additional drink consumed was an inverse function of average drinking quantities (b = 0.2947, Z = 21.92, P<0.001), differed by drinker age (of-age drinker b = -0.1144, Z = -3.95, P < 0.001) and gender (male b = -0.3379, Z = -18.56, P<0.001) and, at the population level, drinking three drinks per occasion was associated with the greatest number of problems. CONCLUSIONS: Among US college students, all drinkers exhibit greater risks for physiological problems related to alcohol use (hangover, memory loss, medical treatment for overdose, nausea/vomiting, passing out) when drinking greater amounts of alcohol, but heavier drinkers (those who consume more on average) exhibit fewer problems for each additional drink consumed (less dose-response) than light and moderate drinkers. Light and moderate drinkers exhibit greater dose-response, with three drinks per occasion associated with the greatest number of problems.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous research demonstrates that the number of problems related to each additional drink consumed on any drinking occasion, dose-response, varies non-linearly across average drinking quantities. We test predictions from a dynamic model of drinking behavior that locates this heterogeneity in drinkers' efforts to equilibrate between costs and benefits of use. DESIGN: Equations derived from the theoretical model are used to assess dose-response across drinking quantity subgroups using censored regressions. SETTING: Fourteen California, USA, college campuses surveyed from 2003 to 2011. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 37 762 undergraduate college students 18 years of age and older. MEASUREMENTS: Drinking patterns, five physiological problems related to alcohol use (hangover, memory loss, medical treatment for overdose, nausea/vomiting, passing out) and student demographics. FINDINGS: The number of physiological problems related to each additional drink consumed was an inverse function of average drinking quantities (b = 0.2947, Z = 21.92, P<0.001), differed by drinker age (of-age drinker b = -0.1144, Z = -3.95, P < 0.001) and gender (male b = -0.3379, Z = -18.56, P<0.001) and, at the population level, drinking three drinks per occasion was associated with the greatest number of problems. CONCLUSIONS: Among US college students, all drinkers exhibit greater risks for physiological problems related to alcohol use (hangover, memory loss, medical treatment for overdose, nausea/vomiting, passing out) when drinking greater amounts of alcohol, but heavier drinkers (those who consume more on average) exhibit fewer problems for each additional drink consumed (less dose-response) than light and moderate drinkers. Light and moderate drinkers exhibit greater dose-response, with three drinks per occasion associated with the greatest number of problems.
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