Hesitant fuzzy soft sets with application in multicriteria group decision making problems.

Soft sets have been regarded as a useful mathematical tool to deal with uncertainty. In recent years, many scholars have shown an intense interest in soft sets and extended standard soft sets to intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets, interval-valued fuzzy soft sets, and generalized fuzzy soft sets. In this paper, hesitant fuzzy soft sets are defined by combining fuzzy soft sets with hesitant fuzzy sets. And some operations on hesitant fuzzy soft sets based on Archimedean t-norm and Archimedean t-conorm are defined. Besides, four aggregation operations, such as the HFSWA, HFSWG, GHFSWA, and GHFSWG operators, are given. Based on these operators, a multicriteria group decision making approach with hesitant fuzzy soft sets is also proposed. To demonstrate its accuracy and applicability, this approach is finally employed to calculate a numerical example.

1. Introduction

Since the fuzzy set (FS) was proposed by Zadeh in 1965 [1], it has been widely studied, developed, and successfully applied in various fields, such as multicriteria decision making (MCDM) [2, 3], fuzzy logic and approximate reasoning [4], and pattern recognition [5]. In real MCDM cases, due to the fuzziness and uncertainty of decision making problems, the criteria's weights and evaluation values of alternatives can be inaccurate, uncertain, or incomplete. For the problems like those, FSs, especially fuzzy numbers, can provide good solutions. However, in FSs the membership degree of the element is represented by a single value between zero and one, and a major drawback of FSs is that single values cannot convey information precisely.

In practice, the information regarding alternatives, when referring to a fuzzy concept, may be incomplete; that is, the sum of the membership and nonmembership degree of an element in the universe can be less than one. The FS fails when it comes to managing the insufficient understanding of membership degrees. Thus, Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs), interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs), and trapezoidal or triangular intuitionistic fuzzy sets, as the extensions of Zadeh's FSs, were introduced [6-11]. IFSs and IVIFSs have been widely applied in solving MCDM problems [10, 12–14].

However, in some cases, the membership degree of an element is neither a single value nor an interval, but a set of possible values. To manage such situations where decision-makers are hesitant in expressing their preferences over alternatives, hesitant fuzzy sets (HFSs), another extension of traditional FSs, provide a useful reference. HFSs are first introduced by Torra [15, 16] and permit the membership degree of an element to be a set of several possible values between 0 and 1. HFSs are tremendously useful in handling the situations where people have hesitancy in providing their preferences over objects in a decision making process. The aggregation operators of HFSs were studied and applied to MCDM problems in [17-20]. Besides, Wang et al. [21] provided an outranking approach with HFSs to solve MCDM problems. Yu et al. [22] and Chen et al. [23] discussed the correlation coefficients of HFSs and their applications to clustering analysis. Xu and Xia [24, 25] discussed the distance and correlation measures for HFSs.

However, in some practical cases, FSs and their extensions failed to model uncertain data being of various types because of their inadequacy as a parameterization tool. To overcome this difficulty, Molodtsov [26] proposed soft sets (SSs), which were considered as a useful mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainties which is free from the difficulties affecting the exiting methods. After that, many scholars have shown an intense interest in this. Maji et al. [27] gave a theoretical study of SSs. They [28] also described the application of SSs in a decision making problem. In addition, the operations of SSs were extended in [29-31]. Min [32] proposed the similarity measures between SSs. Aktaş and Çağman [33] gave a definition of soft groups and discussed the basic properties. Acar et al. [34] introduced soft rings. Gong et al. [35] proposed bijective SSs and the corresponding operations. Furthermore, the relations and functions of SSs were studied by Babitha and Sunil [36]. Ali et al. studied the algebraic structures of SSs [37] and also discussed the idea of reduction of parameters in case of SSs [38]. Çağman and Enginoğlu [39] defined the products of SSs and uni-int decision function and then constructed a uni-int decision making method. Feng et al. [40] improved Çağman and Enginoğlu's uni-int decision making method based on choice value being in the form of SSs.

But situations in real world may be complex because of the fuzzy nature of parameters. To deal with such situation, Maji et al. [41] extended classical SSs to fuzzy soft sets (FSSs). Borah et al. [42] discussed some operations of FSSs. Guan et al. [43] gave a new order relation of FSSs and Feng et al. [44] studied the decomposition of FSSs with finite value spaces. Similar to FS theory, several new extensional concepts based on FSSs are given. For example, Maji et al. [45] introduced intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets (IFSSs) by integrating SSs with IFSs. To overcome the difficulties of representation of parameter's vagueness, Xu et al. [46] introduced vague soft set (VSSs) and Zhou and Li [47] defined generalized vague soft sets (GVSSs). By combining IVFSs and SSs, Yang et al. [48] proposed interval-valued fuzzy soft sets (IVFSSs). Ma et al. [49] analyzed the parameter reduction of IVFSSs and Jiang et al. [50] studied the entropy of IFSSs and IVFSSs. In addition, Majumdar and Samanta [51] defined generalized fuzzy soft sets (GFSSs). Moreover, FSSs have been also successfully applied in MCDM problems in recent years. Roy and Maji [52] gave an approach to decision making problems. By means of level soft sets, Feng et al. [53] presented an adjustable approach to FSSs based decision making. Kong et al. [54] presented a decision making algorithm of FSSs based on grey theory. Mitra Basu et al. [55] proposed a balanced solution of FSSs in medical science. Xiao et al. [56] integrated the fuzzy cognitive map and FSSs for solving the supplier selection problem. In [57, 58], the approaches to MCDM based on IFSSs are given. Jiang et al. [59] presented an adjustable approach to IFSSs-based decision making by using level soft sets of IFSSs. To deal with the problems of subjective evaluation and uncertain knowledge, Xiao et al. [60] proposed an evaluation method based on GFSSs and its application in medical diagnosis problem. They also [61] extended classical SSs to trapezoidal fuzzy soft sets (TFSSs) and applied them to MCDM problems. Zhang et al. [62] applied generalized TFSSs to medical diagnosis. Zhang [63] presented a rough set approach to IFSSs-based decision making.

IFSSs [45], VSSs [46], IVFSSs [48], and GFSSs [51] are all proposed to deal with uncertainties by taking advantages of SSs. In those extensions of SSs, the value of membership is either a single value or an interval. But in fact, the membership degree may be a set of possible values in a SS, so the purpose of this paper is to deal with this situation by combining HFSs with FSSs. To do this, a new kind of SSs, hesitant fuzzy soft sets (HFSSs), can be defined. HFSSs can represent various different preferences from different decision-makers and avoid overlooking any subjective intentions of decision-makers. Babitha and John [64] introduced HFSSs and analyzed some basis operations. However, the MCDM method proposed by Babitha and John [64] was not persuadable. In fact, HFSSs are more suitable for multiple criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problems. In this paper, a further study of HFSSs and their application in MCGDM problems are given.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, some basic concepts of t-norm, t-conorm, SSs, FSSs, and HFSs are briefly reviewed. In Section 3, the concept of HFSSs and the corresponding operations are introduced. In Section 4, some aggregation operators of HFSSs are given. Based on hesitant fuzzy soft numbers (HFSNs), a MCGDM approach is proposed in Section 5. An illustrative example is given in Section 6 and the conclusions are provided in Section 7.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, some basic concepts of t-norm, t-conorm, SSs, FSSs, and HFSs are reviewed.

2.1. T-Norm and T-Conorm

Definition 1 (see [65, 66]).

A function T : [0,1]×[0,1]→[0,1] is called a t-norm if the following conditions are true:

for  all  x ∈ [0,1], T(1, x) = x;

for  all  x, y ∈ [0,1], T(x, y) = T(y, x);

for  all  x, y, z ∈ [0,1], T(x, T(y, z)) = T(T(x, y), z);

if x ≤ x′, y ≤ y′, then T(x, y) = T(x′, y′).

Definition 2 (see [65, 66]).

A function S : [0,1]×[0,1]→[0,1] is called a t-conorm if the following four conditions are true:

for  all  x ∈ [0,1], S(0, x) = x;

for  all  x, y ∈ [0,1], S(x, y) = S(y, x);

for  all  x, y, z ∈ [0,1], S(x, S(y, z)) = S(S(x, y), z);

if x ≤ x′, y ≤ y′, then S(x, y) = S(x′, y′).

Definition 3 (see [65, 66]).

A t-norm function T(x, y) is called Archimedean t-norm if it is continuous and, for  all  x ∈ (0,1), T(x, x) < x. If for  all  x, y ∈ (0,1), T(x, y) is strictly increasing, T(x, y) can be called strictly Archimedean t-norm. A t-conorm function S(x, y) is called Archimedean t-conorm if it is continuous and, for  all  x ∈ (0,1), S(x, x) < x. If for  all  x, y ∈ (0,1), S(x, y) is strictly increasing, S(x, y) can be called strictly Archimedean t-conorm.

It is well known [67] that a strictly Archimedean t-norm is generated by its additive generator k as T(x, y) = k −1(k(x) + k(y)) and k is a strictly decreasing function: [0,1]→[0, ∞) such that k(1) = 0. Let l(t) = k(1 − t), and then Archimedean t-conorm can be expressed as S(x, y) = l −1(l(x) + l(y)).

If we use specific forms to represent k, then some t-norms and t-conorms can be obtained.

Assuming k(t) = −log⁡t, then l(t) = −log⁡(1 − t), k −1(t) = e −, and l −1(t) = 1 − e −. Algebraic t-conorm and t-norm [68] can be obtained: S (x, y) = x + y − xy, and T (x, y) = xy.

Assuming k(t) = log⁡((2 − t)/t), then l(t) = log⁡((2 − (1 − t))/(1 − t)), k −1(t) = 2/(e + 1), and l −1(t) = 1 − (2/(e + 1)). Einstein t-conorm and t-norm [68] can be obtained: S (x, y) = (x + y)/(1 + xy), and T (x, y) = xy/(1 + (1 − x)(1 − y)).

2.2. Soft Sets and Fuzzy Soft Sets

In this subsection, the definitions of SSs and FSSs are introduced.

Definition 4 (see [26]).

Let U be an initial universe and let E be a set of parameters. A pair (F, E) is called soft set (SS) over U, where F is a mapping of E into the set of all subsets of U.

In other words, any SS is a parameterized family of subsets of the set U. For  all  e ∈ E, F(e) may be considered the set of elements of the sets (F, E), or the set of e-approximate elements of the SS. To illustrate this idea, let us consider the following example.

Example 5 .

Suppose that U = {h 1, h 2, h 3, h 4} is a set of houses and E = {e 1, e 2, e 3} is a set of parameters, which stand for being beautiful, being cheap and being in the green surroundings, respectively. Consider the mapping from parameter set E to the set of all subsets of U. Then SS (F, E) can describe an “attractive” house that Mr. X is going to buy:

Thus, we can view the SS (F, E) as a collection of approximations as follows: (F, E) = {beautiful houses = {h 2, h 4}, cheap houses = {h 1, h 3}, in the green surroundings houses = {h 3, h 4}}.

For the purpose of storing a SS in a computer, we could represent the SS of Example 5 in Table 1.

Table 1

The tabular representation of the SS (F, E).

U	Beautiful	Cheap	In the green surroundings
h 1	0	1	0
h 2	1	0	0
h 3	0	1	1
h 4	1	0	1

Definition 6 (see [41]).

Let be the set of all fuzzy subsets of U, and then a pair is called a fuzzy soft set (FSS) over , where is a mapping denoted by

Example 7 .

Consider Example 5. If Mr. X thinks h 1 is a little expensive and this fuzzy information cannot be expressed only by two crisp numbers, that is, 0 and 1, a membership degree can be used instead, which is associated with each element and represented by a real number in the interval [0,1]. Then FSS can describe the “attractive” house that Mr. X is going to buy under the fuzzy information:

Similarly, the representation of the FSS of Example 7 can be shown in Table 2.

Table 2

The tabular representation of the FSS .

U	Beautiful	Cheap	In the green surroundings
h 1	0.2	0.8	0.1
h 2	0.7	0.3	0.2
h 3	0.1	0.7	0.9
h 4	0.7	0.1	0.8

2.3. Hesitant Fuzzy Sets

Definition 8 (see [15]).

Let X be a universal set, and then a hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) on X is defined in terms of a function h that when applied to X returns a finite subset of [0,1]. A HFS can be represented by where h (x) is a set of values in [0, 1], denoting the possible membership degrees of the element x ∈ X to the set E. h (x) is called a hesitant fuzzy element (HFE) [17], and H is the set of all HFEs. In particular, if X has only one element, we call E a hesitant fuzzy number (HFN), briefly denoted by E = {h (x)}. The set of all hesitate fuzzy numbers is represented as HFNs.

Torra [15] defined some operations on HFNs, and Xia and Xu [17] defined some new operations on HFNs and also the score functions.

Definition 9 (see [15]).

Let h 1, h 2, h ∈ H, and three operations are defined as follows:

h = ∪{1 − γ};

h 1 ∪ h 2 = ∪max⁡{γ 1, γ 2};

h 1∩h 2 = ∩min⁡{γ 1, γ 2}.

The arithmetical operations of HFNs based on Archimedean t-norm and Archimedean t-conorm are defined as follows.

Definition 10 (see [17]).

Let h 1 = ∪{γ 1}, h 2 = ∪{γ 2}, and h = ∪{γ} be three HFNs, and λ ≥ 0. Four operations are defined as follows:

h = ∪{k −1(λk(γ))};

λh = ∪{l −1(λl(γ))};

h 1 ⊕ h 2 = ∪{l −1(l(γ 1) + l(γ 2))};

h 1 ⊗ h 2 = ∪{k −1(k(γ 1) + k(γ 2))}.

In particular, if k(t) = −log⁡t, then

h = ∪{γ };

λh = ∪{1 − (1 − γ)};

h 1 ⊕ h 2 = ∪{γ 1 + γ 2 − γ 1 γ 2};

h 1 ⊗ h 2 = ∪{γ 1 γ 2}.

If k(t) = log⁡((2 − t)/t), then

h = ∪{2γ /((2 − γ) + γ )};

λh = ∪{((1 + γ) − (1 − γ))/((1 + γ) + (1 − γ))};

h 1 ⊕ h 2 = ∪{(γ 1 + γ 2)/(1 + γ 1 γ 2)};

h 1 ⊗ h 2 = ∪{γ 1 γ 2/(1 + (1 − γ 1)(1 − γ 2))}.

Definition 11 (see [17]).

For h ∈ HFN, s(h) = (1/#h)∑ γ is called the score function of h, where #h is the number of elements in h. For two HFNs and h 2, if s(h 1) > s(h 2), then h 1 > h 2; if s(h 1) = s(h 2), then h 1 = h 2.

It is clear that Definition 11 does not consider the situation where two HFNs h 1 and h 2 have the same score, but their deviation degrees may be different. The deviation degree of all elements with respect to the average value in a HFN reflects how elements are consistent with each other, that is, whether they have a higher consistency or not. To better represent this issue, Chen et al. [69] defined the deviation degree as follows.

Definition 12 (see [69]).

For h ∈ HFN, σ(h) = [(1/#h)∑(γ−s(h))2]1/2 is defined as the variance of h, where s(h) is the score function of h, and σ(h) denotes the deviation degree of h.

Definition 13 (see [69]).

Let h 1 and h 2 be two HFNs; if s(h 1) > s(h 2), then h 1 > h 2.

If s(h 1) = s(h 2), then

if σ(h 1) > σ(h 2), then h 1 < h 2;

if σ(h 1) < σ(h 2), then h 1 > h 2;

if σ(h 1) = σ(h 2), then h 1 = h 2.

3. Hesitant Fuzzy Soft Sets and Their Operations

In this section, a HFSS is defined by combining HFSs and SSs; some operations on HFSSs based on Archimedean t-norm and Archimedean t-conorm are also given.

3.1. Definition of Hesitant Fuzzy Soft Sets

HFSs and SSs are integrated as mentioned in Section 2. The concept of HFSSs is defined as follows.

Definition 14 .

Let U be an universe, let E be a set of parameters, and let be the set of all hesitant fuzzy subsets of U. A pair is called a HFSS over U, where is a mapping denoted by

A HFSS is a parameterized family of hesitant fuzzy subsets of U, that is, . For all is referred to as the set of ε-approximate elements of the HFSS . It can be written as

Since HFE can represent the situation, in which different membership functions are considered possible [15], is a set of several possible values, which is the hesitant fuzzy membership degree. In particular, if has only one element, can be called a hesitant fuzzy soft number (HSSN). For convenience, a HSSN is denoted by .

Example 15 .

Consider Example 7. Mr. X found it was hard to give a single value to express his opinion about the houses with respect to different criteria. For example, Mr. X thinks that the degree of house h 1 satisfies that criterion e 1 “beautiful” is 0.3 or 0.2. Then a HFSS can be used to describe the “attractive” house that Mr. X is going to buy:

For the purpose of storing a HFSS in a computer, the HFSS of Example 15 is shown in Table 3.

Table 3

The tabular representation of the HFSS .

U	Beautiful	Cheap	In the green surroundings
h 1	{0.3,0.2}	{0.9,0.8}	{0.1}
h 2	{0.8,0.7}	{0.3}	{0.3,0.2}
h 3	{0.2,0.1}	{0.7,0.6}	{0.9,0.7}
h 4	{0.7}	{0.1}	{0.8}

3.2. Operations on Hesitant Fuzzy Soft Sets

In this subsection, some operations on HFSNs are defined.

Definition 16 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m} and F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m} be two HFSNs and λ > 0. Then the following can be defined:

(F(e )) = {h /∪{1 − γ }∣p = 1,2,…, m};

λF(e ) = {h /∪{l −1(λl(γ ))}∣p = 1,2,…, m};

F(e ) = {h /∪{k −1(kl(γ ))}∣p = 1,2,…, m};

F(e ) ⊕ F(e ) = {h /∪{l −1(l(γ ) + l(γ ))}∣p = 1,2,…, m};

F(e ) ⊗ F(e ) = {h /∪{k −1(k(γ ) + k(γ ))}∣p = 1,2,…, m}.

Theorem 17 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m} and F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m} be two HFSNs and λ, λ 1, λ 2 > 0. Then the following are true:

F(e ) ⊕ F(e ) = F(e ) ⊕ F(e );

F(e ) ⊗ F(e ) = F(e ) ⊗ F(e );

λ(F(e ) ⊕ F(e )) = λF(e ) ⊕ λF(e );

(F(e ) ⊗ F(e )) = F(e ) ⊗ F(e );

λ 1 F(e ) ⊕ λ 2 F(e ) = (λ 1 + λ 2)F(e );

(F(e )) ⊗ (F(e )) = (F(e )).

Proof

In Definition 16, it is easy to prove that (1) and (2) hold, and thus let us prove (3). Consider where P = {1,2,…, m}.

Similarly, (4)–(6) of Definition 16 can be proved.

4. Aggregation Operators of Hesitant Fuzzy Soft Sets

In this section, some aggregation operators are defined.

Definition 18 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the HFSWA operator can be called hesitant fuzzy soft weighted averaging operator and defined as

Theorem 19 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the aggregated value by using the HFSWA operator is still a HFSN, and

Use the mathematical introduction of n to complete this proof.

For n = 2, we have

Suppose (10) holds for n = k; that is,

Now, (10) holds for n = k + 1, and thus (10) holds for all n.

Subsequently, some desirable properties of the HFSWA operator are investigated.

Property 1 .

If all F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n) are equal, that is, F(e ) = F(e) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m} for all i, then

Let F(e ) = F(e), and then

Property 2 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n) such that ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. If F(ε) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m} is a hesitant fuzzy soft element (HFSE), then

Since F(e ) ⊕ F(ε) = {h /∪{l −1(l(γ ) + l(γ ))}∣p = 1,2,…, m}, then Therefore, HFSWA (F(e 1) ⊕ F(ε), F(e 2) ⊕ F(ε),…, F(e ) ⊕ F(ε)) = HFSWA (F(e 1), F(e 2),…, F(e ))⊕F(ε).

Property 3 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n) such that ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. If λ > 0, then

According to Definition 16, λF(e ) = {h /∪{l −1(λl(γ ))}∣p = 1,2,…, m}.

Then Therefore, the proof of Property 3 is completed.

According to Properties 2 and 3, Property 4 can be given.

Property 4 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be all the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e ), such that ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. If λ > 0 and F(ε) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m} is a HFSE, then

Property 5 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , let F(ε ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of them, satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then

According to Definition 16, F(e ) ⊕ F(ε ) = {h /∪{l −1(l(γ ) + l(γ ))}∣p = 1,2,…, m}.

Then Thus, the proof of Property 5 is completed.

Definition 20 .

Let F(e ) = {h /μ ∣p = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the HFSWG operator can be called hesitant fuzzy soft weighted geometric operator and defined as

Theorem 21 .

Let F(e ) = {h /p ∣j = 1,2,…, m}  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the aggregated value by using HFSWG operator is a HFSN, and

Similarly, it is clear that the HFSWG operator also satisfies the properties that HFSWA operator has, and the relative details are omitted here.

Definition 22 .

Let F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the GHFSWA operator can be called the generalized hesitant fuzzy soft weighted averaging operator and defined as

In particular, if λ = 1, then the GHFSWA operator is reduced to the HFSWA operator.

Theorem 23 .

Let F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the aggregated value by using GHFSWA operator is a HFSN, and

Definition 24 .

Let F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the GHFSWG operator can be called the generalized hesitant fuzzy soft weighted geometric operator and defined as

In particular, if λ = 1, then the GHFSWG operator is reduced to the HFSWG operator.

Theorem 25 .

Let F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n) be the elements of the HFSS , and let ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ) be the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2,…, n), where ω indicates the importance degree of F(e ), satisfying ω ≥ 0  (i = 1,2,…, n) and ∑ ω = 1. Then the aggregated value by using GHFSWG operator is a HFSN, and

Similarly, it is clear that the GHFSWA and GHFSWG operators possess the same properties that the HFSWA operator has.

Example 26 .

Suppose F(e 1) = {h 1/{0.3,0.5}, h 2/{0.4,0.6}} and F(e 2) = {h 1/{0.4,0.5}, h 2/{0.8,0.9}} are the elements of the HFSS , and ω = (0.3,0.7) is the weight vector of F(e )  (i = 1,2), which indicate the corresponding importance degrees.

Using Theorems 19 and 21, if we assign k(t) = −log⁡(t), then

5. Multicriteria Group Decision Making Approach with HFSSs

Consider a MCGDM with hesitant fuzzy soft information, and assume there are n alternatives U = {h 1, h 2,…, h } and m criteria E = {e 1, e 2,…, e }, and the weight vector of criteria is ω = (ω 1, ω 2,…, ω ), where ω ≥ 0  (j = 1,2,…, m) and ∑ ω = 1. Suppose that there are k decision-makers D = {d 1, d 2,…, d }, whose corresponding weight vector is η = (η 1, η 2,…, η ). Then a MCGDM problem can be concisely expressed by k HFSSs as follows:

To obtain the best alternative, the steps of the proposed MCGDM approach with HFSSs are given as follows.

Step 1 (normalize the decision information).

For benefit-type criteria, no further action need be taken. However, for cost-type criteria, the negation operator given in Definition 16 need be used. The normalized information can be denoted as follows:

Here, B is the set of benefit-type criteria and C is the set of cost-type criteria.

Step 2 (aggregate the HFSEs of each decision-maker).

Calculate the comprehensive evaluation values of each alternative for each decision-maker by using the GHFSWA or GHFSWG operator:

or

Step 3 (aggregate the comprehensive HFSEs of all decision-makers).

Calculate the overall values by using the HFSWA or HFSWG operator: or

Step 4 .

Rank the HFNs μ  (i = 1,2,…, n) of the alternative h  (i = 1,2,…, n) by using the ranking method described in Definitions 11–13.

Step 5 .

Rank all the alternatives and select the best one(s) in accordance with the ranking of μ  (i = 1,2,…, n).

6. Illustrative Example

In this section, we cite the commonly used example [27] and extend it to the hesitant fuzzy soft environment.

Mr. X's family wants to buy an attractive house considering three criteria: being beautiful (e 1), being cheap (e 2) and being in the green surroundings (e 3), respectively. The weight of the criteria is ω = (0.3,0.3,0.4). The family can make their choice among four houses U = {h 1, h 2, h 3, h 4}. Mr. X, his wife, and his son have their own opinions about the given houses, whose corresponding weight vector is (0.5,0.3,0.2). They make their evaluations for four houses according to three criteria E = {e 1, e 2, e 3} and the evaluation values are in the form of HFSSs, as shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6.

Table 4

Mr. X's evaluation for the alternative houses.

U	Beautiful	Cheap	In the green surroundings
h 1	{0.3,0.2}	{0.9,0.8}	{0.1}
h 2	{0.8,0.7}	{0.3}	{0.3,0.2}
h 3	{0.2,0.1}	{0.7,0.6}	{0.9,0.7}
h 4	{0.7}	{0.1}	{0.8}

Table 5

Mrs. X's evaluation for the alternative houses.

U	Beautiful	Cheap	In the green surroundings
h 1	{0.8}	{0.8}	{0.9}
h 2	{0.5}	{0.7}	{0.8,0.7}
h 3	{0.7}	{0.4}	{0.3}
h 4	{0.7}	{0.9}	{0.5}

Table 6

The evaluation of Mr. X for the alternative houses.

U	Beautiful	Cheap	In the green surroundings
h 1	{0.7}	{0.5}	{0.8,0.7}
h 2	{0.8}	{0.8}	{0.5}
h 3	{0.7}	{0.1}	{0.6}
h 4	{0.5,0.4}	{0.9}	{0.7}

6.1. The Decision Making Procedure Based on HFSSs

To obtain the best alternative, let λ = 1, k(t) = −log⁡(t), and then the following steps are given.

The criteria are of benefit-type, so no transformation is required.

By using the GHFSWA operator, the comprehensive evaluation values of Mr. X are

The comprehensive evaluation values of Mrs. X are

The comprehensive evaluation values of Mr. X's son are

By using the GHFSWG operator, the comprehensive evaluation values of Mr. X are

The comprehensive evaluation values of Mrs. X are

The comprehensive evaluation values of Mr. X's son are

By utilizing the HFSWA operator, the overall HFSS F(e) can be obtained as follows:

By utilizing HFSWG operator, the overall HFSS F(e′) can be obtained as follows:

Rank the HFNs μ  (i = 1,2,…, 4) of the alternative h  (i = 1,2,…, 4) by using the ranking method described in Definitions 11–13.

The ranking results of s(μ ) (i = 1,2, 3,4) are shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Ranking of the alternatives by utilizing k(t) = −log⁡(t).

	s(μ 1)	s(μ 2)	s(μ 3)	s(μ 4)	Ranking
HFSWA	0.683	0.597	0.583	0.695	s(h 4) > s(h 1) > s(h 2) > s(h 3)
HFSWG	0.434	0.489	0.422	0.522	s(h 4) > s(h 2) > s(h 1) > s(h 3)

Rank all the alternatives and select the best one(s) in accordance with the ranking of s(μ ) (i = 1,2,…, 4).

Obviously, the best alternative is h 4, and the worst alternative is h 3.

6.2. Sensitivity Analysis and Discussion

In this subsection, different t-norms as well as the parameter λ are adopted to calculate the same example given in Section 6.1.

Case 1 .

If Einstein t-norm and t-conorm are used to handle hesitant fuzzy soft information, then k(t) = log⁡((2 − t)/t) and the ranking results of s(h ) (i = 1,2, 3,4) are shown in Table 8.

Table 8

Ranking of the alternatives by utilizing k(t) = log⁡((2 − t)/t).

	s(μ 1)	s(μ 2)	s(μ 3)	s(μ 4)	Ranking
HFSWA	0.658	0.582	0.563	0.680	s(h 4) > s(h 1) > s(h 2) > s(h 3)
HFSWG	0.474	0.506	0.447	0.555	s(h 4) > s(h 2) > s(h 1) > s(h 3)

Obviously, the rankings of the alternatives in Table 8, got by using k(t) = log⁡((2 − t)/t), are completely the same as those got by using k(t) = −log⁡(t), shown in Table 7. So using different t-norms could lead to no influence on the results.

Case 2 .

In the following, in order to illustrate the influence of the parameter λ on this example, we use different values of λ in Step 2 of the proposed approach to rank the alternatives. And the ranking results are shown in Tables 9 and 10.

Table 9

Ranking of the alternatives by utilizing different λ in GHFSWA.

λ	s(h 1)	s(h 2)	s(h 3)	s(h 4)	The final ranking
λ = 1	0.683	0.597	0.583	0.695	s(h 4) > s(h 1) > s(h 2) > s(h 3)
λ = 2	0.710	0.617	0.612	0.716	s(h 4) > s(h 1) > s(h 2) > s(h 3)
λ = 5	0.756	0.664	0.662	0.752	s(h 1) > s(h 4) > s(h 2) > s(h 3)
λ = 10	0.788	0.703	0.698	0.783	s(h 1) > s(h 4) > s(h 2) > s(h 3)

Table 10

Ranking of the alternatives by utilizing different λ in GHFSWG.

λ	s(h 1)	s(h 2)	s(h 3)	s(h 4)	The final ranking
λ = 1	0.434	0.489	0.422	0.522	s(h 4) > s(h 2) > s(h 1) > s(h 3)
λ = 2	0.409	0.470	0.385	0.462	s(h 2) > s(h 4) > s(h 1) > s(h 3)
λ = 5	0.366	0.437	0.309	0.378	s(h 2) > s(h 4) > s(h 1) > s(h 3)
λ = 10	0.334	0.399	0.255	0.318	s(h 2) > s(h 1) > s(h 4) > s(h 3)

From Tables 9 and 10, it can be seen that if the value of λ is one, then the best alternative is h 4 and the worst alternative is h 3, no matter which operators are used in Step 2 of the proposed approach. However, either the GHFSWA or GHFSWA operator is used in Step 2, and different λ for the same operator may lead to different aggregation results and the final ranking of alternatives is also different as the parameter changes. On the other hand, if λ remains the same, the results obtained by using the GHFSWA operator are also different from those by the GHFSWG operator. By using the GHFSWA operator, decision-makers emphasize the comprehensive priority of all criteria. By using the GHFSWG operator, decision-makers avoid choosing the alternatives that have poor performances in some criteria. Apparently, regardless of using different operators or different λ, the worst alternative is always h 3 while the best alternative may be one of the other three alternatives. Thus, Mr. X's family can properly select the desirable alternative according to their interests and the actual needs.

In a word, the developed approach based on different t-norms and t-conorms can be used to deal with different relationships among the aggregated arguments. It can handle MCGDM problems in a flexible and objective manner under hesitant fuzzy soft environment and can provide more choices for decision-makers. At the same time, different results may be obtained by using different aggregation operators, which reflected the preferences of decision-makers. The main advantages of the approach proposed in this paper are not only its ability to effectively deal with the preference information expressed by HFSNs, but also its consideration that different t-norm and t-conorms can lead to different aggregation operators. This can avoid losing and distorting the preference information provided, which makes the final results suitably correspond with real life decision making problems.

7. Conclusion

In this paper, we introduced hesitant fuzzy soft sets, which can be regarded as an extension of both a SS and a HFS. HFSSs can describe the real preferences of decision-makers and reflect their uncertainty and hesitancy, which permit the membership degree to have a set of possible values in SSs. This paper also focuses on MCGDM problems in which the preferences of decision-makers are expressed by HFSNs. The new approach to solving these problems is based on the aggregation operators of HFSNs. Having reviewed the relevant literatures, operations of HFSNs based on Archimedean t-norm and Archimedean t-conorm are defined. Then four aggregation operators such as the HFSWA, HFSWG, GHFSWA, and GHFSWA operators are developed. Different t-norms and different parameters in generalized operators can be used in MCGDM methods. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach. From the example, it can be seen that HFSSs could vividly and effectively represent various preferences of different decision-makers and avoid overlooking any subjective intentions of decision-makers. In the future work, HFSSs can be used to deal with much more uncertain problems.