New records of ant species from Yunnan, China.

As with many other regions of the world, significant collecting, curation, and taxonomic efforts will be needed to complete the inventory of China's ant fauna. This is especially true for the highly diverse tropical regions in the south of the country, where moist tropical forests harbor high species richness typical of the Southeast Asian region. We inventoried ants in the Xingshuangbanna prefecture, Yunnan, in June 2013, using a variety of methods including Winkler extraction and hand collection to sample ant diversity. We identified 213 species/morphospecies of ants from 10 subfamilies and 61 genera. After identification of 148 valid species of the 213 total species collected, 40 species represent new records for Yunnan province and 17 species are newly recorded for China. This increases the total number of named ant species in Yunnan and China to 447 and 951 respectively. The most common species collected were Brachyponeraluteipes and Vollenhoviaemeryi. Only one confirmed exotic species Strumigenysmembranifera, was collected, although several others were potentially introduced by humans. These results highlight the high biodiversity value of the region, but also underscore how much work remains to fully document the native myrmecofauna.

Introduction

The understanding of regional and global patterns of insect diversity is limited by our incomplete accounting of Earth’s species, especially for tropical regions where species richness peaks in most taxonomic groups. This is also true for , an ecologically dominant insect family comprising at least 15,000 described species (Bolton 2014). Despite the ubiquity and ecological importance of ants (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990), many tropical regions remain undersampled even at the generic level (Guénard and Dunn 2012). Compiling and curating complete and accurate species checklists for all regions of the world should be a priority in biodiversity research, especially for diverse insect groups.

Towards that end, here we present the results of an ant survey conducted during the summer of 2013 in the area of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, in the south of China. In particular, our goal here is to document new records of ant species detected in Yunnan, and some new records for China as a whole. The geographic location of Yunnan (ranging from 21.15°N to 29.20°N of latitude) and its topography (elevation range from < 100m to 6740m) render it the most diverse province of China in terms of ant diversity (406 species) (Guénard and Dunn 2012). The same is true for other taxa, such as plants (Li and Walker 1986, Mutke and Barthlott 2005), tiger beetles (Wu and Shook 2007), butterflies (Xie et al. 2009), or amphibians (Chen and Bi 2007). Xishuangbanna prefecture is located in the tropical southwestern region of Yunnan province, bordering Laos and Myanmar, and has been identified as the most diverse region of Yunnan (Long 1995). The ant fauna of Xishuangbanna has been the subject of three studies (Xu 1998, 1999, 2002) and new species are regularly described from this prefecture (e.g. Guénard et al. 2013, Xu et al. 2014a, b). According to Xu’s survey (2002), the myrmecofauna of Xishuangbanna consists of approximately 262 species, which constitute about 65% of the total number of species recorded for Yunnan province.

While elements of China’s ant fauna may be undocumented due to a lack of sampling in certain geographic regions, there are many taxa likely hidden in areas that have been sampled historically. In particular, methods targeting specifically subterranean or leaf litter ants have been rarely used in China, which as a result might bias our detection of ant species from specific strata. One of the most successful sampling techniques for collecting leaf litter ants, Winkler extraction, which is now commonly used for ant fauna surveys all over the world (Olson 1991, Fisher 1999, Agosti et al. 2000, Martelli et al. 2004, Vasconcelos and Lopes 2008, Ivanov and Keiper 2009), has only been used once in China (Hong Kong in Fellowes 1996) to the best of our knowledge. In this study we used Winkler extraction as a standardized collection technique for the first time in order to survey the leaf litter ant fauna of Xishuangbanna. Based predominantly on this highly successful sampling technique, our diversity survey revealed 40 new species records for Yunnan including 17 new records for China. Here we present those new records, as well as their known global distributions by using data information aggregated by the Global Ant BioInformatics project (GABI, Guénard et al. in prep).

Material and methods

Ant specimens were collected from primary forest, secondary forest and rubber plantation habitats near Menglun town, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China during a survey in June 2013. Ants from leaf litter of multiple sites were collected and extracted by mini Winkler extractors for 72 hours using the shuffling method as described in Guénard and Lucky (2011). Ants were also collected by hand on the ground, lower vegetation, and tree trunks.

Samples were first sorted to morphospecies in alcohol, and up to three representatives of each morphospecies per sample were point-mounted. Each mounted specimen was assigned a unique specimen code, in this case a CASENT number, and traditional locality and collection labels. All mounted and alcohol-preserved ant specimens are currently located in EPE’s lab at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University. Extended depth of field specimen images were taken with an incorporated Leica DFC400 digital camera mounted on a Leica M205C stereomicroscope through the Leica Application Suite V4 software. All specimens were identified to genus using Bolton’s key (Bolton 1994), and then identified to species using available keys (see results section) as well as the digital resources on AntWeb (http://www.antweb.org). All the specimen data are freely available on AntWeb.

Species distributions presented in the following maps are based on records reported here at the country level, or for the larger countries (China, India, Japan), at the first administration level. For large islands (e.g. Borneo, Sumatra, New Guinea) that form natural biogeographic units, we used the island boundary instead of political boundaries similar to a previous study (Guénard and Dunn 2012).

Results

Over 20000 specimens from 61 genera and 213 valid species and morphospecies were collected during this ant diversity survey (Table 1). A total of 40 new species records are presented for Yunnan province. Seventeen of these are recorded for the first time from China. The newly detected species belong to 15 genera from eight subfamilies. It is beyond the scope of the current paper to perform a comprehensive review/revision of the ant fauna of Yunnan Province, which would require much more geographically comprehensive sampling. Here, we present species accounts for the described ant species found during our survey that were previously unknown to Yunnan, supplementing other recently published checklists of the myrmecofauna of the region (Guénard and Dunn 2012).

Table 1.

Ant species () collected from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan in 2013.

Species	Collection record1
Aenictinae
Aenictus artipus Wilson, 1964	N*
Aenictus hodgsoni Forel, 1901	N
Aenictus maneerati Jaitrong & Yamane, 2013	N*
Aenictus paradentatus Jaitrong, Yamane & Tasen, 2012	N*
Aenictus thailandianus Terayama & Kubota, 1993	N
Aenictus clm01
Aenictus clm04
Amblyoponinae
Bannapone scrobiceps Guénard, Blanchard, Liu, Yang & Economo, 2013	N*
Mystrium camillae Emery, 1889
Cerapachyinae
Cerapachys clm01
Cerapachys sulcinodis Emery, 1889
Cerapachys typhlus (Roger, 1861)
Dolichoderinae
Chronoxenus wroughtonii (Forel, 1985)
Dolichoderus affinis Emery, 1889
Dolichoderus laotius Santschi, 1920	N*
Dolichoderus squamanodus Xu, 2001
Dolichoderus thoracicus (Smith, 1860)
Iridomyrmex anceps (Roger, 1863)
Tapinoma indicum Forel, 1895
Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793)
Tapinoma clm04
Technomyrmex albipes (Smith, 1861)
Technomyrmex horni Forel, 1912
Technomyrmex pratensis (Smith, 1860)	N
Ectatomminae
Gnamptogenys costata (Emery, 1989)	N*
Gnamptogenys bicolor (Emery, 1989)
Gnamptogenys treta Lattke, 2004	N*
Formicinae
Acropyga nipponensis Terayama, 1985
Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith, 1857)
Camponotus lasiselene Wang & Wu, 1994
Camponotus mitis (Smith, 1858)
Camponotus parius Emery, 1889
Camponotus singularis Smith, 1858
Camponotus clm02
Camponotus clm03
Camponotus clm04
Camponotus clm07
Camponotus clm08
Camponotus clm09
Echinopla cherapunjiensis Bharti & Gul, 2012	N
Gesomyrmex kalshoveni Wheeler, W.M. 1929	N*
Lepisiota opaca (Forel, 1892)
Lepisiota rothneyi (Forel, 1894)
Myrmoteras binghamii Forel, 1893
Myrmoteras cuneonodum Xu, 1998
Nylanderia clm01
Nylanderia clm02
Nylanderia clm03
Nylanderia clm04
Nylanderia clm05
Nylanderia clm06
Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775)
Paraparatrechina clm01
Paraparatrechina clm02
Paraparatrechina clm03
Paraparatrechina clm04
Plagiolepis clm01
Polyrhachis armata (Le Guillou, 1842)
Polyrhachis bicolor Mayr, 1862
Polyrhachis bihamata (Drury, 1773)
Polyrhachis furcata Emery, 1889
Polyrhachis halidayi Emery, 1889
Polyrhachis hippomanes Smith, 1861
Polyrhachis illaudata Walker, 1859
Polyrhachis illaudata pauperata Emery, 1889
Prenolepis naoroji Forel, 1902
Prenolepis sphingthoraxa Zhou & Zheng, 1998	N
Pseudolasius cibdelus Wu & Wang, 1992
Pseudolasius emeryi Forel, 1915
Pseudolasius silvestrii Wheeler, 1927
Myrmicinae
Acanthomyrmex luciolae Emery, 1893
Aphaenogaster beccarii Emery, 1887
Aphaenogaster feae Emery, 1889
Aphaenogaster clm05
Cardiocondyla wroughtonii (Forel, 1890)
Carebara affinis (Jerdon, 1851)
Carebara altinoda (Xu, 2003)
Carebara bruni (Forel, 1913)
Carebara diversa (Jerdon, 1851)
Carebara melasolena (Zhou & Zheng, 1997)	N
Carebara clm01
Carebara clm05
Carebara clm06
Carebara clm07
Carebara clm08
Carebara clm09
Carebara clm10
Carebara clm11
Carebara clm12
Carebara clm13
Cataulacus granulatus (Latreille, 1802)
Crematogaster dohrni Mayr, 1879
Crematogaster ferrarii Emery, 1888
Crematogaster millardi Forel, 1902
Crematogaster osakensis Forel, 1900
Crematogaster politula Forel, 1902
Crematogaster rothneyi Mayr, 1879
Crematogaster clm05
Crematogaster clm09
Crematogaster clm10
Crematogaster clm11
Dilobocondyla fouqueti Santschi, 1910
Kartidris ashima Xu & Zheng, 1995
Lophomyrmex quadrispinosus (Jerdon, 1851)
Lordomyrma idianale Taylor, 2012
Meranoplus laeviventris Emery, 1889
Monomorium chinense Santschi, 1925
Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Monomorium clm01
Monomorium clm02
Monomorium clm05
Monomorium clm06
Myrmecina curvispina Zhou, Huang & Ma L., 2008	N
Myrmecina guangxiensis Zhou, 2001	N
Pheidole hongkongensis Wheeler, 1928	N
Pheidole noda Smith, 1874
Pheidole pieli Santschi, 1925
Pheidole plagiaria Smith, 1860	N
Pheidole planifrons Santschi, 1920	N
Pheidole roberti Forel, 1902
Pheidole rugithorax Eguchi, 2008	N
Pheidole sagei Forel, 1902
Pheidole smythiesii Forel, 1902	N
Pheidole tumida Eguchi, 2008	N
Pheidole vieti Eguchi, 2008	N*
Pheidole zoceana Santschi, 1925	N
Pheidole clm03
Pheidole clm04
Pheidole clm07
Pheidole clm12
Pheidole clm13
Pheidole clm16
Pheidole clm18
Pheidole clm22
Pheidole clm13
Pristomyrmex brevispinosus Emery, 1887
Pristomyrmex hamatus Xu & Zhang, 2002
Pristomyrmex punctatus (Smith, 1860)
Recurvidris recurvispinosa (Forel, 1890)
Recurvidris kemneri (Wheeler & Wheeler, 1954)	N*
Solenopsis jacoti Wheeler, 1923
Strumigenys ailaoshana (Xu & Zhou, 2004)
Strumigenys dyschima (Bolton, 2000)	N*
Strumigenys exilirhina Bolton, 2000
Strumigenys feae Emery, 1895
Strumigenys kichijo (Terayama, Lin & Wu, 1996)	N
Strumigenys lyroessa (Roger, 1862)
Strumigenys membranifera Emery, 1869
Strumigenys mitis (Brown, 2000)	N
Strumigenys mutica (Brown, 1949)
Strumigenys nanzanensis Lin & Wu, 1996
Strumigenys nepalensis Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994	N*
Strumigenys rallarhina Bolton, 2000	N
Strumigenys sauteri (Forel, 1912)	N
Tetramorium aptum Bolton, 1977
Tetramorium ciliatum Bolton, 1977
Tetramorium difficile Bolton, 1977	N*
Tetramorium flavipes Emery, 1893	N*
Tetramorium kheperra (Bolton, 1976)
Tetramorium kraepelini Forel, 1905
Tetramorium nipponense Wheeler, 1928
Tetramorium parvispinum (Emery, 1893)	N
Tetramorium polymorphum Yamane & Jaitrong, 2011	N*
Tetramorium tonganum Mayr, 1870	N
Tetramorium clm03
Tetramorium clm10
Tetramorium clm18
Tetramorium clm19
Vollenhovia emeryi Wheeler, 1906
Ponerinae
Anochetus graeffei Mayr, 1870
Anochetus mixtus Radchenko, 1993
Anochetus myops Emery, 1893
Anochetus clm04
Brachyponera luteipes (Mayr, 1862)
Diacamma clm01
Ectomomyrmex astutus (Smith, 1858)
Ectomomyrmex leeuwenhoeki (Forel, 1886)
Ectomomyrmex lobocarenus (Xu, 1995)
Ectomomyrmex clm01
Ectomomyrmex clm02
Ectomomyrmex clm03
Ectomomyrmex clm04
Emeryopone melaina Xu, 1998
Hypoponera clm01
Hypoponera clm02
Hypoponera clm03
Hypoponera clm04
Hypoponera clm05
Hypoponera clm06
Hypoponera clm07
Leptogenys birmana Forel, 1900
Leptogenys chinensis (Mayr, 1870)
Leptogenys crassicornis Emery, 1895
Leptogenys diminuta (Smith, 1857)
Leptogenys lucidula Emery, 1895
Leptogenys mengzii Xu, 2000
Leptogenys clm01
Leptogenys clm02
Leptogenys clm09
Myopias hania Xu & Liu, 2011
Odontomachus clm01
Odontoponera denticulata (Smith, 1858)	N
Platythyrea parallela (Smith, 1859)
Pseudoneoponera rufipes (Forel, 1911)
Proceratinae
Discothyrea clavicornis Emery, 1897	N*
Discothyrea kamiteta Kubota & Terayama, 1999	N
Probolomyrmex longiscapus Xu & Zeng, 2000
Proceratium deelemani Perrault, 1981	N*
Pseudomyrmecinae
Tetraponera amargina Xu & Chai, 2004
Tetraponera allaborans (Walker, 1859)
Tetraponera attenuata Smith, 1877
Tetraponera concava Xu & Chai, 2004

N = New to Yunnan province; N* = New to China.

Species accounts

Wilson, 1964

Figure 1

Figure 1.

worker, CASENT0717199. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

Material examined.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 5 workers, 705m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 18 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Distribution.

Yunnan (new record), Vietnam and Thailand (Figure 1C). This collection represents the northern-most record of .

Taxonomic note.

belongs to the species group and can be easily identified with the identification key provided by Jaitrong et al. (2010).

Natural history.

has been collected from leaf litter in various habitats such as secondary forest and rubber plantation located near natural secondary forest. In addition, has also been found in different habitats such as montane evergreen forest, savanna forest, evergreen forest and disturbed forest (Jaitrong et al. 2010).

Forel, 1901

Figure 2

Figure 2.

worker, CASENT0716190. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (known as ‘XTBG’) (21.919°N, 101.270°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 12 workers, 610m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 40 workers, 825m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 2C).

belongs to the s species group and can be easily identified with the identification key provided by Jaitrong and Yamane (2011).

has been collected from leaf litter and foraging columns on the forest ground in secondary forest. This species has also been found from lowland to highland in varied forest types (hill evergreen forest, dry evergreen forest, evergreen rain forest, mixed deciduous forest, and savanna) (Jaitrong and Yamane 2011).

Jaitrong & Yamane, 2013

Figure 3

Figure 3.

worker, CASENT0717211. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.916°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 1 worker, 615m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Vietnam and Thailand (Figure 3C). Our material represents the northern-most record of .

belongs to the species group and can be easily identified with the identification key provided by Jaitrong and Yamane (2013).

Little is known about the bionomics of . Before our survey, it has been only collected from primary forest (Jaitrong and Yamane 2013). We collected it from leaf litter in secondary forest.

Jaitrong, Yamane & Tasen, 2012

Figure 4

Figure 4.

worker, CASENT0716195. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 46 workers, 655m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand (Figure 4C). This collection represents the northern-most record of .

is very similar to Forel, 1911, and can be easily identified with the key of Jaitrong et al. (2012).

has been collected from foraging columns on the ground in limestone forest, but was also reported to be found in other forest habitats, ranging from primary forest to disturbed forest (Jaitrong et al. 2012).

Terayama & Kubota, 1993

Figure 5

Figure 5.

worker, CASENT0717202. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 11.vi.2013, 19 workers, 590m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.857°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 19 workers, 680m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.857°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 254 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Hunan, Vietnam and Thailand (Figure 5C).

belongs to the species group and can be easily identified with the identification key presented by Jaitrong and Yamane (2013).

has only been found at higher elevations (1000–1500m) in primary and secondary forest (Jaitrong and Yamane 2013). We collected it from leaf litter and foraging columns on the ground in secondary forest and rubber plantations at lower elevations (under 1000m).

Guénard, Blanchard, Liu, Yang & Economo, 2013

Figure 6

Figure 6.

worker, CASENT0339957. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 2 workers, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record) (Figure 6C).

was described recently (Guénard et al. 2013).

Little is known about the bionomics of . The species was collected from leaf litter in secondary forest located at 550 meters elevation (Guénard et al. 2013).

(Zhou & Zheng, 1997)

Figure 7

Figure 7.

worker, CASENT0714818. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Kilometer 55 station (21.960°N, 101.199°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 23 workers, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in Middle and South China (Figure 7C).

can be identified with the key provided by Zhou and Zheng (1997; treated as )

has been collected from leaf litter in primary forest.

Emery, 1897

Figure 8

Figure 8.

worker, CASENT0735814. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 1 worker, 830m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 8 workers, 805m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.964°N, 101.202°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 3 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.270°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 12 workers, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 6 worker, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.285°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 3 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Limestone forest, 05.vi.2013, 15 workers, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.284°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Rain forest, 05.vi.2013, 3 workers, 581m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 650m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.916°N, 101.274°E), Rain forest, 08.vi.2013, 3 workers, 615m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Rain forest, 08.vi.2013, 2 workers, 625m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.922°N, 101.268°E), Rubber plantation, 14.vi.2013, 3 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

is a very widespread and common species encountered throughout most of the Austral-Asian and Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 8C). This new record represents an important extension of the northern range in the distribution of this species.

There is no available key for . Our identification is based on the original description (Emery 1897), comparison with reference material, and montage images of the holotype provided by AntWeb.

has been collected from leaf litter in various habitats such as primary forest, limestone forest and rubber plantation.

Kubota & Terayama, 1999

Figure 9

Figure 9.

worker, CASENT0717828. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.283°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 1 worker, 625m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Hunan, Okinawa (Figure 9C). This new record represents an important western-most extension in the known distribution of this species.

is very similar to the recently described Xu, Burwell & Nakamura, 2014. Both species seem to be very close morphologically, and their separation is based on minor differences, which could also be attributed to intraspecific variation. The identification is based on the original description of , comparison with material from the type locality (Okinawa), and Xu’s key (Xu et al. 2014)

has been collected from leaf litter in various habitats, such as primary forest, limestone forest and secondary forest.

Santschi, 1920

Figure 10

Figure 10.

worker, CASENT0716164. A Head in front view B Alitrunk in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 5 worker, 690m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Laos, Thailand (Figure 10C). This collection represents the northern-most record of .

There is no available key for the genus in the region. Our identification is based on the description provided by Dill et al. (2002).

Little is known about the bionomics of . This species has been collected on a tree trunk in secondary forest.

Bharti & Gul, 2012

Figure 11

Figure 11.

worker, CASENT0716524. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.273°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 1 worker, 615m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record) and Meghalaya (Figure 11C). This new record represents an important northern and western extension in the distribution of .

There is no available key for this genus. Identification is based on the original description (Bharti and Gul 2012).

Little is known about the bionomics of . This species has been collected on a tree trunk in secondary forest.

Wheeler, 1929

Figure 12

Figure 12.

worker, CASENT0716525. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.925°N, 101.270°E), Forest fragment, 08.vi.2013, 1 worker, 615m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Malaysia and Indonesia (Figure 12C). This new record represents an important extension in the northern range of the distribution of this species and the first occurrence of the genus from Yunnan province.

There is no available key for this genus. The identification is based on the original description (Wheeler 1929) and comparison with reference material from Borneo. Identification in is generally very difficult due to the high degree of worker polymorphism. However, our single specimen is a minor worker and fits the minor workers of very well.

Little is known about the bionomics of . It has been collected from a small branch of a tree on the side of road.

(Emery, 1889)

Figure 13

Figure 13.

worker, CASENT0715692. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 655m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Rain forest, 08.vi.2013, 2 workers, 615m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu

Widely distributed in the Austral-Asian and Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 13C).

The identification is based on the key provided by Lattke (2004). The material from Yunnan shows some minor variation in the development of gastral sculpture, which we consider as geographic, intraspecific variation.

has been collected from foraging columns on the ground in rain forest and limestone forest.

Lattke, 2004

Figure 14

Figure 14.

worker, CASENT0715166. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.912°N, 101.285°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.240°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 1 worker, 665m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.271°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 7 workers, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 10 workers, 865m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu

Known from Yunnan (new record) and Borneo (Figure 14C). This collection represents the northern-most record in the distribution of .

The identification is based on the key provided by Lattke (2004). Our material fits the holotype very well, except for the shape of the ventral process of the petiole, which is more rectangular in the material from Yunnan, whereas in the material from Borneo it is more triangular. Since this is the only difference we were able to observe, we treat it as intraspecific variation.

has been collected from the leaf litter in rain forest, secondary forest and limestone forest and rubber plantation.

Zhou, Huang & Ma L., 2008

Figure 15

Figure 15.

worker, CASENT0713308. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.240°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 1 worker, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.919°N, 101.239°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 1 worker, 670m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.961°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 1 worker, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 12 workers, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 14 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 705m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu;: Man Sai village (21.907°N, 101.273°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 635m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu;: Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 3 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.271°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 3 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.182°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 9 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.888°N, 101.266°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 7 workers, 600m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.889°N, 101.267°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 3 workers, 630m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.890°N, 101.267°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 2 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record) and Guangxi (Figure 15C). This new record represents the western-most occurrence in the distribution of .

The identification is based on the original description and the identification key given by Zhou et al. (2008).

has been collected from the leaf litter of various habitats such as rain forest, secondary forest and rubber plantation.

Zhou, 2001

Figure 16

Figure 16.

worker, CASENT0713314. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.912°N, 101.285°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 4 workers, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 2 workers, 650m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.960°N, 101.199°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 1 worker, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 9 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Guangxi and Hunan (Figure 16C). This new record represents the western-most occurrence in the distribution of .

Identification is based on the key provided by Zhou et al. (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, secondary forest and limestone forest.

(Smith, 1858)

Figure 17

Figure 17.

worker, CASENT0717236. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.240°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 1 worker, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. PageBreakGuénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.239°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 2 workers, 665m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 825m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 3 workers, 805m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 2 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.964°N, 101.202°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.907°N, 101.273°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 635m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 710m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, PageBreak12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.933°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.271°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 5 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.270°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 2 workers, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Rubber plantation, 06.vi.2013, 3 workers, 571m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.284°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 3 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.282°E), Limestone forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 1 worker, 625m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.889°N, 101.267°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 4 workers, 630m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.888°N, 101.266°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 2 workers, 600m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.888°N, 101.266°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 3 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.889°N, 101.267°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 3 workers, 630m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.922°N, 101.268°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 4 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.890°N, 101.267°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 2 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan subregion (Figure 17C).

The identification of our material is based on Yamane’s (2009) redescription of .

has been collected from the leaf litter in various habitats such as rain forest, secondary forest, limestone forest and rubber plantation.

Wheeler, 1928

Figure 18

Figure 18.

worker, CASENT0714788. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 3 workers, 1 Soldier, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 2 workers, 571m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 581m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.285°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 49 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.282°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 6 workers, 1 Soldier, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.933°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 3 workers, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 20 workers, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.907°N, 101.273°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 3 workers, PageBreak635m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 5 workers, 1 Soldier, 805m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.922°N, 101.268°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 1 worker, 629m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

South China, Vietnam and Thailand (Figure 18C).

can be identified with the identification key to northern Vietnamese published by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter in secondary forest, limestone forest and rubber plantations. It has also been reported inhabiting the soil of woody gardens, forest edges and open areas (Eguchi 2008).

Smith, 1860

Figure 19

Figure 19.

worker, CASENT0713421. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.912°N, 101.282°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 2 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.933°N, 101.269°E), Rubber Plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.960°N, 101.199°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 13 workers, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 2 workers, 830m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in the Australasian and Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 19C).

can be identified with the identification key to Northern Vietnamese provided by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter from rain forest, limestone forest and rubber plantation. It has also been reported inhabiting in the soil of forest edge and open land (Eguchi 2008).

Santschi, 1920

Figure 20

Figure 20.

worker, CASENT0713099. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 2 workers, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Rubber plantation, 05.vi.2013, 3 workers, 571m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.283°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 2 workers, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.282°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 4 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 2 workers, 650m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.916°N, 101.274°E), Limestone forest, 08.vi.2013, 2 workers, 615m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.271°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 4 workers, 705m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.857°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 710m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.907°N, 101.273°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 635m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 9 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.273°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 workPageBreaker, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 3 workers, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.889°N, 101.267°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 33 workers, 630m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.922°N, 101.268°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 2 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Vietnam, Thailand and Java (Figure 20C). This new record represents the northern-most occurrence in the known distribution of .

can be identified with the identification key to Northern Vietnamese provided by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, limestone forest and rubber plantations. It has also been reported inhabiting in the soil of forest edge and woody habitats (Eguchi 2008).

Eguchi, 2008

Figure 21

Figure 21.

worker, CASENT0717083. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 3 workers, 1 Soldier, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.283°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 3 workers, 650m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.239°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 2 workers, 665m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Yunnan (new record), Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand (Figure 21C).

can be identified with the identification key to Northern Vietnamese provided by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, secondary forest and limestone forest. Otherwise there is no available information on its biology.

Forel, 1902

Figure 22

Figure 22.

worker, CASENT0713851. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

China, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 9 workers, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 2 workers, 581m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.283°E), Limestone forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 5 workers, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in South China, Vietnam, Thailand and India (Figure 22C).

can be identified with the identification key to Northern Vietnamese provided by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter from secondary forest. Eguchi (2008) reported the species to usually inhabit woody habitats and sometimes open areas where it nests in the soil. is also known to tend aphid colonies (Alfred and Agarwal 1990).

Eguchi, 2008

Figure 23

Figure 23.

worker, CASENT0713125. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.239°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 2 workers, 665m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 2 workers, 825m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 3 workers, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 4 workers, 705m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.907°N, 101.273°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 635m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.857°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 3 workers, 710m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 15 workers, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 4 workers, 2 Soldiers, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.934°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 5 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.933°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 34 workers, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.270°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 2 workers, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.271°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 3 workers, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.931°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.933°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 2 workers, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.283°E), Secondary forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 571m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.888°N, 101.266°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 1 worker, 600m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.888°N, 101.266°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 1 worker, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.922°N, 101.268°E), Rubber Plantation, 14.vi.2013, 6 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in the Australasian and Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 23C).

can be identified with the identification key to Northern Vietnamese provided by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, secondary forest and rubber plantation. It has also been reported nesting in the soil and rotting logs of forest edges (Eguchi 2008).

Eguchi, 2008

Figure 24

Figure 24.

worker, CASENT0713428. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.912°N, 101.285°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 3 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 06.vi.2013, 3 workers, 625m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.961°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 3 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Yunnan (new record) and Vietnam (Figure 24C). This new record represents the northern-most occurrence in the distribution of .

can be identified with the key given provided by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter from rain forest, secondary forest and limestone forest.

Santschi, 1925

Figure 25

Figure 25.

worker, CASENT0714742. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.240°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 44 workers, 644m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.239°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 5 workers, 665m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.919°N, 101.239°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 11 workers, 670m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 15 workers, 825m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 7 workers, 3 Soldiers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.960°N, 101.199°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 25 workers, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 5 workers, 805m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 14 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.964°N, 101.202°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 2 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.271°E), Rubber Plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 77 workers, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.285°E), Limestone forest, 05.vi.2013, 22 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 06.vi.2013, 2 workers, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Rubber plantation, 05.vi.2013, 3 workers, 571m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 581m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.916°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 12 workers, 615m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from a few localities in China, Vietnam and Thailand (Figure 25C).

can be identified with the identification key to Northern Vietnamese provided by Eguchi (2008).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, secondary forest and rubber plantations. It has also been reported nesting in the soil of forest edges and mountainous area (Eguchi 2008).

Zhou & Zheng, 1998

Figure 26

Figure 26.

worker, CASENT0715549. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Kilometer 55 station (21.960°N, 101.199°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 1 worker, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Middle and South China (Figure 26C). This new record represents the western-most record in the distribution of .

The identification is based on the original description (Zhou and Zheng 1998).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest and little is known about its bionomics.

Perrault, 1981

Figure 27

Figure 27.

worker, CASENT0717686. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: Kilometer 55 station (21.964°N, 101.202°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Yunnan (new record), Singapore, Thailand and Borneo (Figure 27C). This new record represents the northern-most record in the distribution of .

The identification of is relatively straightforward with the key provided by Baroni Urbani and De Andrade (2003).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, and little is known about its bionomics.

(Wheeler & Wheeler, 1954)

Figure 28

Figure 28.

worker, CASENT0715218. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: “Holy Hills” (21.919°N, 101.239°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 1 worker, 670m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.857°N, 101.277°E), Rubber plantation, 12.vi.2013, 3 workers, 710m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 7 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in the Austral-Asian and Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 28C). This new northern-most record represents an important extension in the distribution of .

The identification is based on Bolton’s (1992) key. Our material from Yunnan fits the re-description in the latter publication very well, even though the propodeal spines seem somewhat longer than in the material from Borneo. However, we consider this as a minor geographic variation.

has been collected from leaf litter from rain forest, secondary forest and rubber plantation, and little is known about its bionomics.

(Bolton, 2000)

Figure 29

Figure 29.

worker, CASENT0717009. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.911°N, 101.283°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 2 workers, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Yunnan (new record) and Borneo (Figure 29C). This new record represents an important extension in the northern range of the distribution of .

can be identified with the identification key given by Bolton (2000; treated as ).

has been collected from leaf litter in limestone forest, and little is known about its bionomics.

(Terayama, Lin & Wu, 1996)

Figure 30

Figure 30.

worker, CASENT0713674. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Rubber Plantation, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 571m, Winkler sifting, B. PageBreakGuénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.934°N, 101.269°E), Rubber Plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 30C).

can be identified with the identification key given by Bolton (2000; treated as ).

has been collected from leaf litter in rubber plantations, and little is known about its bionomics.

(Brown, 2000)

Figure 31

Figure 31.

worker, CASENT0713676. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.239°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 9 workers, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.919°N, 101.239°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 7 workers, 670m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 40 workers, 825m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.966°N, 101.203°E), Secondary forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 19 workers, 830m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.961°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 8 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.960°N, 101.199°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 1 worker, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 111 worker, 805m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 122 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.964°N, 101.202°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, PageBreak50 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 12 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.271°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 8 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.932°N, 101.270°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.931°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 1 worker, 645m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Rubber Plantation, 05.vi.2013, 1 worker, 571m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 82 workers, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 48 workers, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 71 workers, 581m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.916°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 2 workers, 615m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 25 workers, 625m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in Austral-Asian and Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 31C). This new record represents the northern-most known occurrence in the distribution of .

can be identified with the identification key given by Bolton (2000; treated as ) and Bharti (2013, treated as ).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, secondary forest and rubber plantations, and little is known about its bionomics.

Baroni Urbani & De Andrade, 1994

Figure 32

Figure 32.

worker, CASENT0715046. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.240°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 5 workers, 655m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.239°E), Secondary forest, 07.vi.2013, 12 workers, 665m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.919°N, 101.239°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 1 worker, 670m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 2 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Rubber Plantation, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 705m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.857°N, 101.277°E), Rubber Plantation, PageBreak12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 710m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.277°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 2 workers, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 3 workers, 690m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 4 workers, 685m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 6 workers, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.858°N, 101.276°E), Secondary forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 57 workers, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.285°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 1 worker, 680m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 13 workers, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.283°E), PageBreakLimestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 7 workers, 675m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.912°N, 101.282°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 21 workers, 640m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone forest, 06.vi.2013, 21 workers, 650m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.888°N, 101.266°E), Rubber plantation, 14.vi.2013, 3 workers, 600m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.888°N, 101.266°E), Rubber plantation, 14.vi.2013, 6 workers, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Banna University construction site (21.922°N, 101.268°E), Rubber plantation, 14.vi.2013, 1 worker, 620m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Yunnan (new record), North Indian, Vietnam and Thailand (Figure 32C).

can be identified with the identification key given by Bolton (2000; treated as ).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest, secondary forest, limestone forest and rubber plantations, and little is known about its bionomics.

Bolton, 2000

Figure 33

Figure 33.

worker, CASENT0715395. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 121 workers, 550m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 34 workers, 552m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 35 workers, 581m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.916°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 7 workers, 615m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 44 workers, 625m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 22 workers, 830m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.961°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 15 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.960°N, 101.199°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 26 workers, 840m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 9 workers, 805m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.964°N, 101.202°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 16 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Yunnan (new record), Guangxi and Vietnam (Figure 33C).

can be identified with the identification key provided by Bolton (2000).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest and secondary forest, and little is known about its bionomics.

(Forel, 1912)

Figure 34

Figure 34.

worker, CASENT0717023. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 10 workers, 581m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 3 workers, 625m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.962°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 9 workers, 805m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 3 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 34C).

can be identified with the identification key given by Bolton (2000; treated as ).

has been collected from leaf litter in rain forest and secondary forest, and little is known about its bionomics.

(Smith, 1860)

Figure 35

Figure 35.

worker, CASENT0715863. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 4 workers, 581 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 11.vi.2013, 4 workers, 590 m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in the Austral-Asian and Indo-Malayan subregions (Figure 35C).

is the only member of the species group. It is a very conspicuous species within the genus, and its identification is very easy with the key provided by Bolton (2007).

has been collected from leaf litter in secondary forest, and little is known about its bionomics.

Bolton, 1977

Figure 36

Figure 36.

worker, CASENT0713193. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 2 workers, 552 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known form Yunnan (new record), northern India, and Vietnam (Figure 36C).

is a member of the group and can be identified with the key provided by Bolton (1977). However, under its current definition is morphologically very close to . It is likely that both are conspecific and the material listed as represents intraspecific forms of the very widespread .

has been collected from leaf litter in secondary forest, and little is known about its bionomics.

Emery, 1893

Figure 37

Figure 37.

worker, CASENT0713761. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.918°N, 101.271°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 35 workers, 552 m, Winkler sifting, B. PageBreakGuénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 33 workers, 625 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.961°N, 101.201°E), Rain forest, 10.vi.2013, 8 workers, 820m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Kilometer 55 station (21.963°N, 101.200°E), Rain forest, 13.vi.2013, 5 workers, 815m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Yunnan (new record), Vietnam, Thailand and Sri Lanka (Figure 37C). This new record represents the northern-most record in the distribution of this species.

is a member of the group. Its identification is relatively straightforward with the key given by Bolton (1977). However, , originally described from Thailand, is very close to Forel, 1913 from Borneo and the Philippines, and as already pointed out by Bolton (1977), both could represent geographic variants of the same species.

has been collected from leaf litter in secondary forest, and very little is known about its bionomics.

(Emery, 1893)

Figure 38

Figure 38.

worker, CASENT0735806. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 155 workers, 550 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.924°N, 101.268°E), Rubber plantation, 05.vi.2013, 6 workers, 571 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.917°N, 101.270°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 7 workers, 580 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.911°N, 101.281°E), Limestone rain forest, 06.vi.2013, 155 workers, 650 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.916°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 08.vi.2013, 58 workers, 615 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.930°N, 101.269°E), Rubber plantation, 09.vi.2013, 2 workers, 640 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.890°N, 101.267°E), Rubber plantation, 14.vi.2013, 9 workers, 620 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Widely distributed in the Indo-Malayan subregion (Figure 38C).

is a member of the species group. It can be identified with the key presented by Bolton (1976; as )

has been collected from leaf litter in secondary forest, limestone forest and rubber plantations, and little is known about its bionomics.

Yamane & Jaitrong, 2011

Figure 39

Figure 39.

worker, CASENT0713055. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.917°N, 101.274°E), Rain forest, 05.vi.2013, 1 major worker, 552 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.918°N, 101.270°E), Rain forest, PageBreak05.vi.2013, 3 workers, 581 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.919°N, 101.272°E), Rain forest, 05.vi.2013, 10 workers, 550 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; “Holy Hills” (21.920°N, 101.239°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 10 worker, 665m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; XTBG (21.928°N, 101.256°E), Rain forest, 07.vi.2013, 10 workers, 565 m, Hand collection, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Man Sai village (21.860°N, 101.278°E), Rain forest, 12.vi.2013, 1 worker, 680 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

Known from Yunnan (new record), Laos and Thailand (Figure 39C). This new record represents the northern-most record in the distribution of .

is a member of the species group. Its identification is not easy since the species was not known when Bolton (1976) published his revision of the genus (now Tetramorium), in which he provided keys to the Indo-Malayan and Austral-Asian and species groups. However, by combining Bolton’s (1976) work with the recent species description of Yamane and Jaitrong (2011) the identification is relatively straightforward. It is very similar to the closely related and sympatric Bolton, 1976, and the identification key of Bolton (1976) will lead the user to that species. The recent addition to Bolton’s key provided by Yamane and Jaitrong (2011) clearly separates both species.

is a very special member of the genus since it is the only known species that possesses a polymorphic worker caste divisible into distinctive minor, media and major workers (Yamane and Jaitrong 2011). Yamane and Jaitrong (2011) also report that this species is comparatively aggressive and hypothesize that the major worker could have a defensive function. In addition, they emphasize that is only found in undisturbed rain forest habitats in Thailand and Laos. Our data from Yunnan supports this since it was predominantly sampled from rain forest.

Mayr, 1870

Figure 40

Figure 40.

worker, CASENT0713454. A Head in front view B Mesosoma in profile view C Global distribution map.

CHINA, Yunnan, Xishuangbanna: XTBG (21.919°N, 101.274°E), Secondary forest, 05.vi.2013, 9 workers, 552 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu; Menglun town (21.934°N, 101.269°E), Secondary forest, 09.vi.2013, 2 workers, 640 m, Winkler sifting, B. Guénard, B. Blanchard and C. Liu.

is widely distributed in the Austral-Asian and Indo-Malayan subregions where it ranges from western Oceania to South East Asia (Figure 40C). Bolton (1977) has noted already that the species is widespread in its native range and has the characteristics of tramp species. It is very likely that future collections will reveal its presence in more Chinese provinces Southeast Asian countries.

belongs to the group and can be easily identified with the key provided by Bolton (1977).

has been collected from leaf litter in secondary forest, and is known to be an exotic species in China (Guenard and Dunn 2012). Despite its wide distribution and tramping ability, there is very little information about its biology. In addition to Bolton (1977), Sarnat and Economo (2012) also confirm that is able to establish populations outside its native range without damaging or significantly altering ecological or agricultural systems in its introduced habitats. They also report that is mostly found on vegetation in disturbed or edge habitats.

Discussion

The total number of named ant species in China is 939, but the true species richness is expected to be significantly higher, perhaps as high as 1200 to 1600 species (Guénard and Dunn 2012). The collection of these 40 new ant records for Yunnan and 17 for China through Winkler extraction, combined with the discovery of the extremely rare ant species (Guenard et al. 2013), should encourage myrmecologists to consider leaf litter extraction as one of the primary methods to collect leaf litter ants, especially for places where this method has not previously been used. Nevertheless, further sampling methods that specifically target different strata will very likely yield additional species, which is especially true for hypogaeic and arboreal ant communities.

Based on our collections, many newly recorded species, such as , , and are relatively common. The reason why those species were never reported from Yunnan before may be due to different collection techniques and/or misidentifications. For example, has long been misidentified as (Yamane 2009). Another reason may be that some of the newly recorded species have been described only recently outside of Yunnan and/or China, such as and (Zhou et al. 2008, Eguchi 2008).

Many new species records in our collection such as , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , are at the northern limit of their known distribution in Yunnan. Interestingly, the occurrence of several species in Yunnan, such as , , , , and constitutes a disjunction from the rest of their known distribution in the Malay Peninsula. At present, it is unclear if these represent sampling artifacts and the ranges are actually continuous in the region, if these species ranges represent true biogeographic disjunctions, or if they are actually different species. Only future diversity inventories and taxonomic treatments, of which this paper represents one modest contribution, can answer these questions and further resolve the biodiversity map for ants and other organisms.

Despite the comparatively short collecting time we invested in the inventory of the myrmecofauna, we were able to identify 145 species, of which over 30% represent new records. This increases the list of known species for Yunnan by 10%, and there are still more than 60 species that we tentatively consider undescribed. This shows how little was previously known about the ant fauna of the region, and we are convinced that more intensive sampling in different habitats and microhabitats will likely reveal the presence of even more species or help improve the current taxonomic resolution. In this context, we think that Yunnan should be considered an area of high biodiversity value and deserving of attention of both biologists and conservationists. Regrettably, this interesting biota is being degraded at an alarming speed, particularly due to the rapid expansion of rubber plantations in the area (Li et al. 2007).