Stable isotopes and iron oxide mineral products as markers of chemodenitrification.

When oxygen is limiting in soils and sediments, microorganisms utilize nitrate (NO3-) in respiration--through the process of denitrification--leading to the production of dinitrogen (N2) gas and trace amounts of nitrous (N2O) and nitric (NO) oxides. A chemical pathway involving reaction of ferrous iron (Fe2+) with nitrite (NO2-), an intermediate in the denitrification pathway, can also result in production of N2O. We examine the chemical reduction of NO2- by Fe(II)--chemodenitrification--in anoxic batch incubations at neutral pH. Aqueous Fe2+ and NO2- reacted rapidly, producing N2O and generating Fe(III) (hydr)oxide mineral products. Lepidocrotite and goethite, identified by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, were produced from initially aqueous reactants, with two-line ferrihydrite increasing in abundance later in the reaction sequence. Based on the similarity of apparent rate constants with different mineral catalysts, we propose that the chemodenitrification rate is insensitive to the type of Fe(III) (hydr)oxide. With stable isotope measurements, we reveal a narrow range of isotopic fractionation during NO2- reduction to N2O. The location of N isotopes in the linear N2O molecule, known as site preference, was also constrained to a signature range. The coexistence of Fe(III) (hydr)oxide, characteristic 15N and 18O fractionation, and N2O site preference may be used in combination to qualitatively distinguish between abiotic and biogenically emitted N2O--a finding important for determining N2O sources in natural systems.