A nitrogen-doped graphene/gold nanoparticle/formate dehydrogenase bioanode for high power output membrane-less formic acid/O2 biofuel cells.

A high power output, membrane-less formic acid/O2 enzymatic biofuel cell was fabricated, in which nitrogen-doped graphene was proven to be effective for recycling the NAD(+)/NADH cofactor at a nitrogen-doped graphene/gold nanoparticle/formate dehydrogenase bioanode in the catalytic oxidation of formic acid.