Manabu Funayama1, Kenji Ohe2, Taku Amo3, Norihiko Furuya4, Junji Yamaguchi5, Shinji Saiki6, Yuanzhe Li6, Kotaro Ogaki6, Maya Ando6, Hiroyo Yoshino7, Hiroyuki Tomiyama6, Kenya Nishioka6, Kazuko Hasegawa8, Hidemoto Saiki9, Wataru Satake10, Kaoru Mogushi11, Ryogen Sasaki12, Yasumasa Kokubo13, Shigeki Kuzuhara14, Tatsushi Toda10, Yoshikuni Mizuno6, Yasuo Uchiyama15, Kinji Ohno16, Nobutaka Hattori17. 1. Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 2. Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Training Program of Leaders for Integrated Medical System for Fruitful Healthy-Longevity Society (LIMS), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. 3. Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy, Yokosuka, Japan. 4. Department of Research and Therapeutics for Movement Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 5. Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 6. Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 7. Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. 8. Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan. 9. Department of Neurology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute and Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan. 10. Division of Neurology and Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan. 11. Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 12. Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan. 13. Kii ALS/PDC Research Center, Mie University Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Tsu, Japan. 14. Department of Neurology and Medicine, School of Nursing, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan. 15. Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 16. Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. 17. Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: nhattori@juntendo.ac.jp.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Identification of causative genes in mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease is valuable for understanding the cause of the disease. We did genetic studies in a Japanese family with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease to identify novel causative genes. METHODS: We did a genome-wide linkage analysis on eight affected and five unaffected individuals from a family with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (family A). Subsequently, we did exome sequencing on three patients and whole-genome sequencing on one patient in family A. Variants were validated by Sanger sequencing in samples from patients with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease, patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease, and controls. Participants were identified from the DNA bank of the Comprehensive Genetic Study on Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders (Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan) and were classified according to clinical information obtained by neurologists. Splicing abnormalities of CHCHD2 mutants were analysed in SH-SY5Y cells. We used the Fisher's exact test to calculate the significance of allele frequencies between patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease and unaffected controls, and we calculated odds ratios and 95% CIs of minor alleles. FINDINGS: We identified a missense mutation (CHCHD2, 182C>T, Thr61Ile) in family A by next-generation sequencing. We obtained samples from a further 340 index patients with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease, 517 patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease, and 559 controls. Three CHCHD2 mutations in four of 341 index cases from independent families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease were detected by CHCHD2 mutation screening: 182C>T (Thr61Ile), 434G>A (Arg145Gln), and 300+5G>A. Two single nucleotide variants (-9T>G and 5C>T) in CHCHD2 were confirmed to have different frequencies between sporadic Parkinson's disease and controls, with odds ratios of 2·51 (95% CI 1·48-4·24; p=0·0004) and 4·69 (1·59-13·83, p=0·0025), respectively. One single nucleotide polymorphism (rs816411) was found in CHCHD2 from a previously reported genome-wide association study; however, there was no significant difference in its frequency between patients with Parkinson's disease and controls in a previously reported genome-wide association study (odds ratio 1·17, 95% CI 0·96-1·19; p=0·22). In SH-SY5Y cells, the 300+5G>A mutation but not the other two mutations caused exon 2 skipping. INTERPRETATION: CHCHD2 mutations are associated with, and might be a cause of, autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. Further genetic studies in other populations are needed to confirm the pathogenicity of CHCHD2 mutations in autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease and susceptibility for sporadic Parkinson's disease, and further functional studies are needed to understand how mutant CHCHD2 might play a part in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. FUNDING: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Takeda Scientific Foundation; Cell Science Research Foundation; and Nakajima Foundation.
BACKGROUND: Identification of causative genes in mendelian forms of Parkinson's disease is valuable for understanding the cause of the disease. We did genetic studies in a Japanese family with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease to identify novel causative genes. METHODS: We did a genome-wide linkage analysis on eight affected and five unaffected individuals from a family with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (family A). Subsequently, we did exome sequencing on three patients and whole-genome sequencing on one patient in family A. Variants were validated by Sanger sequencing in samples from patients with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease, patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease, and controls. Participants were identified from the DNA bank of the Comprehensive Genetic Study on Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders (Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan) and were classified according to clinical information obtained by neurologists. Splicing abnormalities of CHCHD2 mutants were analysed in SH-SY5Y cells. We used the Fisher's exact test to calculate the significance of allele frequencies between patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease and unaffected controls, and we calculated odds ratios and 95% CIs of minor alleles. FINDINGS: We identified a missense mutation (CHCHD2, 182C>T, Thr61Ile) in family A by next-generation sequencing. We obtained samples from a further 340 index patients with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease, 517 patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease, and 559 controls. Three CHCHD2 mutations in four of 341 index cases from independent families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease were detected by CHCHD2 mutation screening: 182C>T (Thr61Ile), 434G>A (Arg145Gln), and 300+5G>A. Two single nucleotide variants (-9T>G and 5C>T) in CHCHD2 were confirmed to have different frequencies between sporadic Parkinson's disease and controls, with odds ratios of 2·51 (95% CI 1·48-4·24; p=0·0004) and 4·69 (1·59-13·83, p=0·0025), respectively. One single nucleotide polymorphism (rs816411) was found in CHCHD2 from a previously reported genome-wide association study; however, there was no significant difference in its frequency between patients with Parkinson's disease and controls in a previously reported genome-wide association study (odds ratio 1·17, 95% CI 0·96-1·19; p=0·22). In SH-SY5Y cells, the 300+5G>A mutation but not the other two mutations caused exon 2 skipping. INTERPRETATION:CHCHD2 mutations are associated with, and might be a cause of, autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease. Further genetic studies in other populations are needed to confirm the pathogenicity of CHCHD2 mutations in autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease and susceptibility for sporadic Parkinson's disease, and further functional studies are needed to understand how mutant CHCHD2 might play a part in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. FUNDING: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Takeda Scientific Foundation; Cell Science Research Foundation; and Nakajima Foundation.
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