Obesity and atherosclerosis: mechanistic insights.

Obesity is a multifactorial chronic disease characterized by an accumulation of visceral and subcutaneous fat, which leads to a predisposition toward cardiometabolic diseases. A plethora of mechanisms, including abnormalities in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, adipokine imbalance, and inflammasome activation have been suggested to underlie the relationship between obesity and atherosclerosis. More recent data point toward an emerging role of impaired autophagy and altered gut microbiome homeostasis as potentially contributing factors. This review provides an overview of this area.