Allison R Webel1, Dean Wantland2, Carol Dawson Rose3, Jeanne Kemppainen4, William L Holzemer2, Wei-Ti Chen5, Mallory O Johnson6, Patrice Nicholas7, Lucille Sanzero Eller2, Puangtip Chaiphibalsarisdi8, Elizabeth Sefcik9, Kathleen Nokes10, Inge B Corless7, Lynda Tyer-Viola7, Kenn Kirksey11, Joachim Voss12, Kathy Sullivan13, Marta Rivero-Méndez14, John Brion15, Scholastika Iipinge16, J Craig Phillips17, Carmen Portillo3. 1. Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Electronic address: allison.webel@case.edu. 2. Rutgers School of Nursing, Newark, New Jersey, USA. 3. Community Health Systems, University of California School of Nursing at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. 4. University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA. 5. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. 6. University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. 7. Global Health and Academic Partnerships, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 8. Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand. 9. Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA. 10. Hunter College, City University of New York, and Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA. 11. Center for Nursing Research, Seton Family of Hospitals, Austin, Texas, USA. 12. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 13. School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 14. University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA. 15. Ohio State University College of Nursing, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 16. University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia. 17. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Individual resources of social capital and self-compassion are associated with health behaviors and perceived symptoms, suggesting that both are positive resources that can be modified to improve a person's symptom experience. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and social capital and its impact on current HIV symptom experience in adult people living with HIV (PLWH). We further explored the impact of age on this relationship. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2182 PLWH at 20 sites in five countries. Social capital, self-compassion, and HIV symptom experience were evaluated using valid and reliable scales. To account for inflated significance associated with a large sample size, we took a random sample of 28% of subjects (n = 615) and conducted correlation analyses and zero-inflated Poisson regression, controlling for known medical and demographic variables impacting HIV symptom experience. RESULTS: Controlling for age, sex at birth, year of HIV diagnosis, comorbid health conditions, employment, and income, our model significantly predicted HIV symptom experience (overall model z = 5.77, P < 0.001). Employment status and social capital were consistent, negative, and significant predictors of HIV symptom experience. Self-compassion did not significantly predict HIV symptom experience. For those reporting symptoms, an increase in age was significantly associated with an increase in symptoms. CONCLUSION: Employment and social capital modestly predicted current HIV symptom experience. Social capital can be incorporated into symptom management interventions, possibly as a way to reframe a person's symptom appraisal. This may be increasingly important as PLWH age. The relationship between employment status and HIV symptom experience was significant and should be explored further.
CONTEXT: Individual resources of social capital and self-compassion are associated with health behaviors and perceived symptoms, suggesting that both are positive resources that can be modified to improve a person's symptom experience. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and social capital and its impact on current HIV symptom experience in adult people living with HIV (PLWH). We further explored the impact of age on this relationship. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2182 PLWH at 20 sites in five countries. Social capital, self-compassion, and HIV symptom experience were evaluated using valid and reliable scales. To account for inflated significance associated with a large sample size, we took a random sample of 28% of subjects (n = 615) and conducted correlation analyses and zero-inflated Poisson regression, controlling for known medical and demographic variables impacting HIV symptom experience. RESULTS: Controlling for age, sex at birth, year of HIV diagnosis, comorbid health conditions, employment, and income, our model significantly predicted HIV symptom experience (overall model z = 5.77, P < 0.001). Employment status and social capital were consistent, negative, and significant predictors of HIV symptom experience. Self-compassion did not significantly predict HIV symptom experience. For those reporting symptoms, an increase in age was significantly associated with an increase in symptoms. CONCLUSION: Employment and social capital modestly predicted current HIV symptom experience. Social capital can be incorporated into symptom management interventions, possibly as a way to reframe a person's symptom appraisal. This may be increasingly important as PLWH age. The relationship between employment status and HIV symptom experience was significant and should be explored further.
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