Rafael Deminice1, Gabriela Salim Ferreira de Castro2, Lucas Vieira Francisco2, Lilian Eslaine Costa Mendes da Silva2, João Felipe Rito Cardoso2, Fernando Tadeu Trevisan Frajacomo2, Bruno Gonzaga Teodoro3, Leonardo Dos Reis Silveira4, Alceu Afonso Jordao2. 1. Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid | Pr 445 Km 380 | Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: deminice@ig.com.br. 2. Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 3. Department of Biochesmtry and Imunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 4. School of Physical Education of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochesmtry and Imunology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on liver fat accumulation in rats fed a choline-deficient diet. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were divided into 3 groups of 8 based on 4 weeks of feeding an AIN-93 control diet (C), a choline-deficient diet (CDD) or a CDD supplemented with 2% Cr. The CDD diet was AIN-93 without choline. RESULTS: The CDD significantly increased plasma homocysteine and TNFα concentration, as well as ALT activity. In liver, the CDD enhanced concentrations of total fat (55%), cholesterol (25%), triglycerides (87%), MDA (30%), TNFα (241%) and decreased SAM concentrations (25%) and the SAM/SAH ratio (33%). Cr supplementation prevented all these metabolic changes, except for hepatic SAM and the SAM/SAH ratio. However, no changes in PEMT gene expression or liver phosphatidylcholine levels were observed among the three experimental groups, and there were no changes in hepatic triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) mRNA level. On the contrary, Cr supplementation normalized expression of the transcription factors PPARα and PPARγ that were altered by the CDD. Further, the downstream targets and fatty acids metabolism genes, UCP2, LCAD and CPT1a, were also normalized in the Cr group as compared to CDD-fed rats. CONCLUSION: Cr supplementation prevented fat liver accumulation and hepatic injures in rats fed with a CDD for 4 weeks. Our results demonstrated that one-carbon metabolism may have a small role in mitigating hepatic fat accumulation by Cr supplementation. The modulation of key genes related to fatty acid oxidation pathway suggests a new mechanism by which Cr prevents liver fat accumulation.
AIM: To examine the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on liver fat accumulation in rats fed a choline-deficient diet. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were divided into 3 groups of 8 based on 4 weeks of feeding an AIN-93 control diet (C), a choline-deficient diet (CDD) or a CDD supplemented with 2% Cr. The CDD diet was AIN-93 without choline. RESULTS: The CDD significantly increased plasma homocysteine and TNFα concentration, as well as ALT activity. In liver, the CDD enhanced concentrations of total fat (55%), cholesterol (25%), triglycerides (87%), MDA (30%), TNFα (241%) and decreased SAM concentrations (25%) and the SAM/SAH ratio (33%). Cr supplementation prevented all these metabolic changes, except for hepatic SAM and the SAM/SAH ratio. However, no changes in PEMT gene expression or liver phosphatidylcholine levels were observed among the three experimental groups, and there were no changes in hepatic triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) mRNA level. On the contrary, Cr supplementation normalized expression of the transcription factors PPARα and PPARγ that were altered by the CDD. Further, the downstream targets and fatty acids metabolism genes, UCP2, LCAD and CPT1a, were also normalized in the Cr group as compared to CDD-fed rats. CONCLUSION:Cr supplementation prevented fat liver accumulation and hepatic injures in rats fed with a CDD for 4 weeks. Our results demonstrated that one-carbon metabolism may have a small role in mitigating hepatic fat accumulation by Cr supplementation. The modulation of key genes related to fatty acid oxidation pathway suggests a new mechanism by which Cr prevents liver fat accumulation.
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