On the high frequency transfer of mechanical stimuli from the surface of the head to the macular neuroepithelium of the mouse.

Vestibular macular sensors are activated by a shearing motion between the otoconial membrane and underlying receptor epithelium. Shearing motion and sensory activation in response to an externally induced head motion do not occur instantaneously. The mechanically reactive elastic and inertial properties of the intervening tissue introduce temporal constraints on the transfer of the stimulus to sensors. Treating the otoconial sensory apparatus as an overdamped second-order mechanical system, we measured the governing long time constant (Τ(L)) for stimulus transfer from the head surface to epithelium. This provided the basis to estimate the corresponding upper cutoff for the frequency response curve for mouse otoconial organs. A velocity step excitation was used as the forcing function. Hypothetically, the onset of the mechanical response to a step excitation follows an exponential rise having the form Vel(shear) = U(1-e(-t/TL)), where U is the applied shearing velocity step amplitude. The response time of the otoconial apparatus was estimated based on the activation threshold of macular neural responses to step stimuli having durations between 0.1 and 2.0 ms. Twenty adult C57BL/6 J mice were evaluated. Animals were anesthetized. The head was secured to a shaker platform using a non-invasive head clip or implanted skull screws. The shaker was driven to produce a theoretical forcing step velocity excitation at the otoconial organ. Vestibular sensory evoked potentials (VsEPs) were recorded to measure the threshold for macular neural activation. The duration of the applied step motion was reduced systematically from 2 to 0.1 ms and response threshold determined for each duration (nine durations). Hypothetically, the threshold of activation will increase according to the decrease in velocity transfer occurring at shorter step durations. The relationship between neural threshold and stimulus step duration was characterized. Activation threshold increased exponentially as velocity step duration decreased below 1.0 ms. The time constants associated with the exponential curve were Τ(L) = 0.50 ms for the head clip coupling and T(L) = 0.79 ms for skull screw preparation. These corresponded to upper -3 dB frequency cutoff points of approximately 318 and 201 Hz, respectively. T(L) ranged from 224 to 379 across individual animals using the head clip coupling. The findings were consistent with a second-order mass-spring mechanical system. Threshold data were also fitted to underdamped models post hoc. The underdamped fits suggested natural resonance frequencies on the order of 278 to 448 Hz as well as the idea that macular systems in mammals are less damped than generally acknowledged. Although estimated indirectly, it is argued that these time constants reflect largely if not entirely the mechanics of transfer to the sensory apparatus. The estimated governing time constant of 0.50 ms for composite data predicts high frequency cutoffs of at least 318 Hz for the intact otoconial apparatus of the mouse.