Respiratory Dysfunction Associated With RBC Transfusion in Critically Ill Children: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Respiratory complications associated with RBC transfusions may be underestimated in PICUs because current definitions exclude patients with preexisting respiratory dysfunction. This study aims to determine the prevalence and characterize the risk factors and outcomes of new or progressive respiratory dysfunction observed after RBC transfusion in critically ill children.
DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of all children admitted over a 1-year period.
SETTING: A multidisciplinary PICU in a tertiary pediatric university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients who received a RBC transfusion while in PICU.
INTERVENTIONS: None.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Two independent adjudicators established the diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction. A respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion was considered new if it appeared after the first RBC transfusion in PICU. A progressive respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion was diagnosed if the respiratory dysfunction was present before the transfusion and the PaO2/FIO2 or the SpO2/FIO2 ratio dropped by at least 20% thereafter. Among 842 children admitted into the PICU, 136 received at least one RBC transfusion and were analyzed. Fifty-eight cases of respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion (43% of transfused patients) were detected, including nine new respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion (7%) and 49 progressive respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion (36%). Higher severity of illness, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome prior to transfusion, and volume (mL/kg) of RBC transfusion were independently associated with respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion. A dose-response relationship was observed between transfusion volume (mL/kg) and the prevalence of respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion. Patients with respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion had more progressive multiple organ dysfunction and less ventilation-free and PICU-free days at day 28.
CONCLUSIONS: Development of respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion is frequent in PICU and occurs mainly in patients with prior respiratory dysfunction, who would not be identified using current definitions for transfusion-associated complications. A cause-effect relationship cannot be confirmed. However, the high prevalence and the serious adverse outcomes associated with respiratory dysfunction associated with transfusion suggest that this complication should be further studied.